High‐Precision Fe and Mg Isotope Ratios of Silicate Reference Glasses Determined In Situ by Femtosecond LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS and by Solution Nebulisation MC‐ICP‐MS

In this study, a technique for high precision in situ Fe and Mg isotope determinations by femtosecond‐laser ablation‐multi collector‐ICP‐MS (fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) was developed. This technique was employed to determine reference values for a series of common reference glasses that may be used for external standardisation of in situ Fe and Mg isotope determinations in silicates. The analysed glasses are part of the MPI‐DING and United States Geological Survey (USGS) reference glass series, consisting of basaltic (BIR‐1G, BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G, KL2‐G, ML3B‐G) and komatiitic (GOR128‐G and GOR132‐G) compositions. Their Fe and Mg isotope compositions were determined by in situ fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS and by conventional solution nebulisation multi‐collector ICP‐MS. We determined δ⁵⁶Fe values for these glasses ranging between ‐0.04‰ and 0.10‰ (relative to IRMM‐014) and δ²⁶Mg values ranging between ‐0.40‰ and ‐0.15‰ (relative to DSM‐3). Our fs‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS results for both Fe and Mg isotope compositions agreed with solution nebulisation analyses within analytical uncertainties. Furthermore, the results of three USGS reference glasses (BIR‐1G, BHVO‐2G and BCR‐2G) agreed with previous results for powdered and dissolved aliquots of the same reference materials. Measurement reproducibilities of the in situ determinations of δ⁵⁶Fe and δ²⁶Mg values were usually better than 0.12‰ and 0.13‰ (2s), respectively. We further demonstrate that our technique is a suitable tool to resolve isotopic zoning in chemically‐zoned olivine crystals. It may be used for a variety of different applications on isotopically‐zoned minerals, e.g., in magmatic or metamorphic rocks or meteorites, to unravel their formation or cooling rates.     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源——来自硫、氢和氧同位素证据

包古图大型斑岩铜矿位于准噶尔盆地西缘。铜矿化主要呈浸染状、细脉浸染状分布于似斑状(石英)闪长岩、闪长玢岩、隐爆角砾岩和少量花岗闪长岩中。依据矿脉的穿插关系和矿物组合,成矿过程经历了黑云母-钾长石-钠长石阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段。矿脉中石英的δDSMOW值介于-107‰～-86‰,δ18OSMOW值变化于11.3‰～16.2‰,δ18OH2O值为4.4‰～9.3‰,表明成矿流体来源为深源的岩浆水。硫化物的δ34S值介于-5.1‰～0.7‰,平均为-1.8‰,表明硫来源于深部岩浆或地幔。结合Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ号含矿岩体锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及辉钼矿Re-Os年龄,推断包古图铜矿床成矿作用发生在晚石炭世,与中酸性斑岩体的侵入有密切成因关系。     

滇西北兰坪盆地白秧坪多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

白秧坪多金属矿床位于滇西兰坪中-新生代沉积盆地中北部,是著名三江成矿带内新近发现的重要矿床之一。碳酸盐矿物染色法岩相学和矿相学研究表明白秧坪多金属矿床成矿期早阶段共生组合矿物为闪锌矿+方铅矿+白云石+石英±含Ag矿物±含Cu矿物,方解石主要为成矿期晚阶段产物。闪锌矿及与其共生脉石矿物(白云石、石英)中流体包裹体多呈米粒状、椭圆状、负晶形以及不规则状,以孤立产出的原生包裹体为主。流体包裹体显微测温以及激光拉曼探针分析表明,成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CaCl2流体体系,盐度峰值范围为22.00%～25.00%NaCleqv,成矿温度多数集中在110.0～180.0℃之间,密度大于1.00g.cm-3。该矿床属于低温、高盐度、中等密度热液铅锌多金属矿床。矿床成矿压力介于28.02～70.64MPa之间,成矿深度范围在1.04～2.62km,形成深度较浅。成矿流体始终处于相对还原环境,金属离子和还原硫可能共存于同一流体系统,由于物理化学条件的改变发生沉淀而形成矿床。结合矿床产出背景、矿质来源、控矿构造等因素,白秧坪多金属矿床具有密西西比河谷型(MVT)成矿流体特点。     

新疆蒙库铁矿床的变形变质及其成矿作用

新疆蒙库铁矿床产于阿尔泰南缘下泥盆统康布铁堡组下亚组变质火山沉积岩中,矿床赋存受康布铁堡组中的铁木下尔衮向形构造控制。研究表明,在海相火山沉积成矿期后,矿床经历了区域变质成矿作用及其后的热液交代成矿作用,前者包括浸染状-条带状磁铁矿阶段和块状磁铁矿阶段,后者包括钙硅酸盐交代阶段、硫化物阶段和方解石石英脉阶段。其中区域变质是蒙库铁矿最重要的成矿期,经压溶富集形成透镜状、条带状分布的块状磁铁矿。类矽卡岩是热液在富Ca沉积岩和富Si酸性火山岩系层间活动经交代形成的,其形成晚于块状磁铁矿的形成。晚期铜矿化与热液交代成矿期有关。反映区域变质作用的顺层石英脉(Q2)中,测得早期包裹体的均一温度(Th)为235～511℃,晚期次生流体包裹体Th为157～326℃;晚期热液石英脉(Q3)中包裹体的Th为122～337℃包裹体。用等容线交叉法获得Q2脉中共生的纯CO2包裹体和盐水溶液包裹体的捕获压力73～90MPa。磁铁矿氧同位素(δ18OSMOW)为-2‰～+1.28‰,平均-0.15‰,其组成特征显示了火山沉积变质成矿作用特征,与国内外沉积变质矿床磁铁矿氧同位素组成相似,而与典型的矽卡岩矿床有区别;磁铁矿爆裂曲线也显示了变质作用改造的特征。总体来看,区域变质-热液叠加改造是蒙库铁矿最重要的成矿作用。     

Breakage and deformation mechanisms of crushable granular materials

Biaxial compressional tests with two types of stress paths were carried out on an assembly of round bars, which can be crushed to investigate the breakage and deformation mechanisms of granular materials at the mesoscale. The following was found experimentally: (1) upon loading, the crushable rods slide, rotate and break, and finally the breakage band forms for the two types of stress paths and different stress states; and (2) for the axial loading stress path, the round rods mainly fail in the vertically split mode and laterally crushed mode. However, for the lateral unloading stress path, the round rods fail with the combination mode of locally crushed and vertically split.     

Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of International Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Calibration Material NBS 19, and Reference Materials NBS 18, IAEA-CO-1 and IAEA-CO-8

International carbon and oxygen isotope calibration material NBS 19 and reference materials NBS 18, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-CO-1 and IAEA-CO-8 are prepared from naturally occurring rock specimens of marble and carbonatite. Mineralogical and chemical analysis showed that only NBS 19 and IAEA-CO-1 represent essentially pure samples of calcite containing < and minimal (< 1%) quantities of quartz. In contrast, both NBS 18 and IAEA-CO-8, although primarily composed of calcite, are contaminated by a range of additional phases. NBS 18 was estimated to contain 1% Fe-dolomite and trace (< 1%) quantities of apatite and quartz. IAEA-CO-8 was estimated to contain at least 4% non-carbonate material (including apatite, barite, biotite and magnetite). NBS 18 and IAEA-CO-8 are both derived from samples of carbonatite and the calcite component of each material is characterised by appreciable substitution of Mg + Mn + Sr ± Fe ± Ba (Σ ≈ 14000–15000 μg g^-1) for Ca. The observations reported in this study complement data in the literature detailing significant grain-scale isotopic heterogeneity in NBS 18 and IAEA-CO-8. Both data sets highlight the need for careful characterisation of calibration materials prior to distribution.     

Producing Certified Reference Materials at the Central Geological Laboratory of Mongolia

This paper briefly outlines the production and certification of reference materials at the Central Geological Laboratory (CGL) of Mongolia. The marketing of CRMs produced in Mongolia, as well as problems encountered in internationally recognised certification attempts and some proposed solutions, are discussed. The basic elements of the CGL’s strategy for the development of the CRM sector are to produce high quality CRMs according to the requirements of internationally recognised norms, to consider the market needs, to certify the RMs at the international level and to widely advertise them to the geochemical community. The CGL has already established the basis for the further development of this sector by, for instance, accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025, by modernising its preparation technology, by cooperation with international organisations in the field of CRMs and by permanent participation in the International Association of Geoanalysts’ GeoPT™ proficiency testing programme.     

An anisotropic damage–plasticity model for saturated quasi‐brittle materials

This article is devoted to numerical modeling of anisotropic damage and plasticity in saturated quasi‐brittle materials such as rocks and concrete. The damaged materials are represented by an isotropic poroelastic matrix containing a number of families of microcracks. Based on previous works, a discrete thermodynamic approach is proposed. Each family of microcracks exhibits frictional sliding along crack surfaces as well as crack propagation. The frictional sliding is described by a Coulomb–Mohr‐type plastic criterion by taking into account the effect of fluid pressure through a generalized effective stress concept. The damage evolution is entirely controlled by and coupled with the frictional sliding. The effective elastic properties as well as Biot's coefficients of cracked porous materials are determined as functions of induced damage. The inelastic deformation due to frictional sliding is also taken into account. The procedure for the identification of the model's parameters is presented. The proposed model is finally applied to study both mechanical and poromechanical responses of a typical porous brittle rock in drained and undrained compression tests as well as in interstitial pressure controlled tests. The main features of material behaviors are well reproduced by the model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山东平邑铜石金矿田成矿系列及成矿模式

铜石金矿田主要由隐爆角砾岩型 (归来庄式 )、碳酸盐岩层状微细浸染型 (磨坊沟式 )、夕卡岩叠加型、斑岩型和蚀变岩型等多种类型的矿床 (点 )组成 ,矿种以金为主 ,伴有银、铜、铁矿化 ,构成一个较完整的成矿亚系列。成矿作用与铜石富钾碱性次火山杂岩关系密切 ,岩浆活动为矿床的形成提供了热液和热源。泰山岩群为主要矿源层 ;寒武纪朱砂洞组上灰岩段之白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩为磨坊沟式金矿的有利含矿层位 ;寒武系上部—奥陶系下部的白云质灰岩、白云岩等是归来庄式金矿的有利围岩。杂岩体构成的次火山穹窿及伴生的环形放射状构造 ,控制着矿体的分布。     

A distinct class of avalanche scars on Mars

We report observations of a set of surface features on Mars that form a distinct class of avalanche scars. These features have a horizontal scale of hundreds of meters, but a depth scale of meters distinguishes them from the shallower features known as slope streaks. The meters-thick avalanche scars have escaped previous attention because of weak contrast between the interiors of the scarred regions and their surroundings. Often the most visible feature is a shadow cast by the trough wall, a band 1-3 pixels wide in Mars Orbiter Camera narrow angle images, indicating maximum depths of 4-10 m. We investigate the morphology of more than 500 such features. Slopes upon which the avalanches occur average about 27°. Impact craters are seen at the heads of some avalanche scars; this subset exhibits statistically wider opening angles. The scars span an estimated several Ma in age. Those found so far occurred mainly in the Olympus Mons lower aureole. We compare shapes of slope streaks to shapes of meters-thick avalanches, and the results support the notion that the two classes are distinct. The newly-discovered avalanches resemble some terrestrial flows of loose, dry material such as dry snow and glass beads. On the basis of these analogs, we suggest a physical model.