西藏驱龙-甲玛-邦铺铜矿集区铅同位素地球化学示踪研究

驱龙-甲玛-邦铺铜多金属矿集区是西藏冈底斯成矿带上的重要矿集区,铜资源量超过1500万吨。前人研究认为三个矿床成矿物质来源于岩浆,但未讨论不同时代、不同矿化的岩浆岩铅同位素与矿石铅同位素组成的关系,并缺乏从矿集区尺度来分析。本文通过分析已发表的矿石、岩浆岩和地层铅同位素数据,认为驱龙、甲玛、邦铺矿床矿石铅与中新世含矿斑岩铅同位素特征基本一致,区别于与成矿无关的岩浆岩铅同位素组成。空间上,从南西的驱龙,至甲玛,至北东的邦铺,成矿年龄从老到新,铅同位素演化规律明显,放射成因铅递增(矿石²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb平均值18.521→18.644→18.684)。这种铅同位素地球化学特征不仅指示了成矿物质来自岩浆,并可区分与成矿有关和无关的岩浆岩,同时指示了成矿期岩浆岩与成矿关系的密切程度。     

A qualitative Natech damage scale for the impact of floods on selected industrial facilities

There is increasing evidence that natural disasters can trigger technological accidents and damage. These so-called Natech accidents can pose a significant risk to regions that are unprepared for responding to them. The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre has recognised the risk associated with Natech events and has started systematic research into Natechs and their underlying dynamics. This work investigates the risk associated with the flooding of industrial installations through an analysis of past case histories and using expert judgement. The potential impact of three levels of flood severity on selected industrial facilities storing and/or processing (eco-)toxic, flammable or explosive materials is analysed qualitatively and a scale is developed that links the flood intensity to the level of potential damage. Our analysis indicates that natural disasters have the potential for triggering hazmat releases and other types of technological accidents. Hence, natural disasters should be considered as separate accident-triggering events in the planning, design and operating stages of industrial facilities that process or store hazardous substances. Our work revealed a lack of detailed information on the occurrence of Natech events which indicates not necessarily a scarcity of Natechs but rather a lack of standardised reporting and record keeping.     

喀斯特高原湖泊生物地球化学过程中的锌同位素特征

采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)对喀斯特高原湖泊红枫湖、阿哈湖水体及其主要支流水体悬浮物和一些生物样品中的锌同位素进行了测定,测试精度小于0.11‰(2SD).结果显示,红枫湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.29‰～0.26‰和-0.04‰～0.48‰,阿哈湖水体与其主要支流水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围分别为-0.18‰～0.27‰和-0.179‰～0.46‰,均表现出支流中的锌同位素组成较重的特点.两湖生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围较大,为-0.35‰～0.57‰,说明湖泊生态系统中各端员的锌同位素组成存在一定差异.根据同位素组成分析,湖泊主要入湖河流及所携带的陆源物质是阿哈湖泊水体中锌的主要来源,锌同位素是一种较好的物源示踪工具.红枫湖夏季δ66zn与Chla(叶绿素)呈显著的正相关(R=0.97),主要是藻类对锌的有机吸附和吸收过程导致锌同位素组成发生变化.此外,湖泊水体悬浮物中的锌同位素组成均在夏季较轻,表明大气的干湿沉降可能是一个较负的锌同位素源.水体悬浮物中的δ66Zn变化范围小于生物样品中的δ66Zn变化范围,说明由于生物作用过程导致的锌同位素分馏大于非生物过程.     

环境矿物材料处理砷(As)污染水的研究进展

由于砷化物具有较大毒性并且目前应用广泛,它对环境特别是水环境造成的污染已较为严重.环境矿物材料以其经济、有效、易获得、无二次污染等特点,在重金属污染水处理方面显示出了较大优势.本文综述了国内外在利用环境矿物材料处理砷污染水方面的研究进展并对此提出了几点建议.     

Lead Isotope Homogeneity of NIST SRM 610 and 612 Glass Reference Materials: Constraints from Laser Ablation Multicollector ICP-MS (LA-MC-ICP-MS) Analysis

This contribution presents data for laser ablation multicollector ICP‐MS (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) analyses of NIST SRM 610 and 612 glasses with the express purpose of examining the Pb isotope homogeneity of these glasses at the ～ 100 μm spatial scale, relevant to in situ analysis. Investigation of homogeneity at these scales is important as these glasses are widely used as calibrators for in situ measurements of Pb isotope composition. Results showed that at the levels of analytical uncertainty obtained, there was no discernable heterogeneity in Pb isotope composition of NIST SRM 610 and also most probably for NIST SRM 612. Traverses across the ～ 1.5 mm glass wafers supplied by NIST, consisting of between 75 and 133 individual measurements, showed no compositional outliers at the two standard deviation level beyond those expected from population statistics. Overall, the measured Pb isotope ratios from individual traverses across NIST SRM 610 and 612 wafers closely approximate single normally‐distributed populations, with standard deviations similar to the average internal uncertainty for individual measurement blocks. Further, Pb isotope ratios do not correlate with Tl/Pb ratios measured during the analysis, suggesting that regions of volatile element depletion (marked by low Tl/Pb) in these glasses are not associated with changes in Pb isotope composition. For NIST SRM 610 there also appeared to be no variation in Pb isotope composition related to incomplete mixing of glass base and trace element spike during manufacture. For NIST SRM 612 there was some dispersion of measured ratios, including some in a direction parallel to the expected mixing line for base‐spike mixing. However, there was no significant correlation parallel to the mixing line. At this time this cannot be unequivocally demonstrated to result from glass heterogeneity, but it is suggested that NIST SRM 610 be preferred for standardising in situ Pb isotope measurements. Data from this study also showed significantly better accuracy and somewhat better precision for ratios corrected for mass bias by external normalisation to Pb isotope ratios measured in bracketing calibrators compared to mass bias corrected via internal normalisation to measured ²⁰⁵Tl/²⁰³Tl, although the Tl isotopic composition of both glasses appears to be homogeneous.     

δ30Si and δ29Si Determinations on USGS BHVO-1 and BHVO-2 Reference Materials with a New Configuration on a Nu Plasma Multi-Collector ICP-MS

We report silicon isotopic determinations for USGS rock reference materials BHVO-1 and BHVO-2 using a Nu Plasma multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS, upgraded with a new adjustable entrance slit, to obtain medium resolution, as well as a stronger primary pump and newly designed sampler and skimmer cones ("B" cones). These settings, combined with the use of collector slits, allowed a resolution to be reached that was sufficient to overcome the ¹⁴N¹⁶O and ¹⁴N₂ interferences overlying the ³⁰Si and the ²⁸Si peaks, respectively, in an earlier set-up. This enabled accurate measurement of both δ³⁰Si and δ²⁹Si. The δ value is expressed in per mil variation relative to the NBS 28 quartz reference material. Based on data acquired from numerous sessions spread over a period of six months, we propose a recommended average δ³⁰Si of −0.33 ± 0.05‰ and −0.29 ± 0.11‰ (2se) for BHVO-1 and BHVO-2, respectively. Our BHVO grand mean silicon isotope composition (δ³⁰Si =−0.31 ± 0.06‰) is significantly more negative than the only published value for BHVO-2, but is in very good agreement with the recently established average value of ocean island basalts (OIB), confirming the conclusion that the OIB reservoir has a distinct isotopic composition from the solar reservoir as sampled by chondrites.     

An Automated Iridium-Strip Heater for LA-ICP-MS Bulk Analysis of Geological Samples

In this paper we describe a flux‐free fusion technique for the highly precise LA‐ICP‐MS bulk analysis of geological samples. For this purpose we have developed an automated iridium‐strip heater with temperature and melt time control. To optimise the homogeneity of the fused glasses and to reduce possible depletion of volatile elements during melting, we undertook experiments with basaltic rock and glass powders using different melting temperatures (1300–1700 °C) and melting times (5‐80 s). Major and trace element microanalysis was performed using EPMA and LA‐ICP‐MS. Homogeneous glasses were obtained for temperatures ≥ 1500 °C and melting times ≥ 10 s. High loss (20‐90%) of highly volatile elements (e.g., Cs, Ge, Sn, Pb) was observed for high melting temperatures (≥ 1600 °C) and long melting times (80 s). Standard melting conditions (1600 °C, 10 s) represent a compromise, as the glasses were homogeneous with respect to major and trace elements and, at the same time, were not depleted in elements with condensation temperatures (at a pressure of 10^?4 bar) higher than about 900 K (e.g., Zr, Hf, Ba, Sr, REE, U, Mo, Ni, Rb, Ga). Several international geological reference materials with SiO₂ ranging between 47% m/m and 59% m/m were prepared using our standard melting conditions (1600 °C, 10 s) and subsequently analysed by LA‐ICP‐MS. These samples also include the new Brazilian basaltic reference material BRP‐1. Matrix‐matched calibration of the LA‐ICP‐MS data was performed using the basaltic reference glasses KL2‐G, ML3B‐G, BCR‐2G and BHVO‐2G. Most analytical data agreed within uncertainty at the 95% confidence level with the GeoReM preferred values published in the GeoReM database for reference materials of geological and environmental interest. To demonstrate routine bulk LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of geochemical and cosmochemical samples using the whole rock fusion technique, we also present trace element data for ocean island basalts from Lanai (Hawaii) and of Martian meteorites.     

GGR Critical Review of Analytical Developments in 2006–2007

In 2005 the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research editorial team, in the true spirit of scientific endeavour, embarked on an experiment of our own. We decided to trial a new kind of review, somewhat different from those more typically observed in journals, and one that would provide readers with a summary of analytical developments across a broad range of topics appropriate to the Earth sciences. The first contribution of this kind appeared in 2005, and reported on developments in 2003 (Hergt et al. 2005). The second, this time a biennial review, was published in 2006 and reported on highlights of the 2004 and 2005 literature (Hergt et al. 2006). Based on reprint requests, positive remarks at conferences and strong citations we consider the experiment a resounding success and proudly present here the third in this series. This comprises six individual review sections that cover the main analytical technologies and topical application fields in geoanalysis and geochemistry, including geological and environmental reference materials, ICP‐thermal and secondary ionisation‐mass spectrometry, as well as neutron activation analysis, X‐ray fluorescence and atomic absorption spectrometry.     

水合盐相变储能材料研究

水合盐相变储能材料具有原料丰富、储热密度高、价格低等优点,在太阳能高效利用、工业余废热利用、跨季节储热采暖、智能温室、食品储存保鲜、轻纺行业等方面有着广阔的市场前景及经济效益。但是,在实际应用过程中会遇到过冷、相分离、非协调性熔解、热传效率低(热导率低)、体积变化、循环稳定性、结晶速率慢以及热化学稳定性等问题。针对这些问题,通过密度泛函理论、成核剂"协同效应"、纳米导热粒子、微纳核壳结构构筑等研究提升水合盐相变储能材料性能及应用范围,该研究思路对于水合盐相变储能材料的开发具有重要意义。     

西南三江兰坪盆地金满铜矿床成因研究:来自铜和硫同位素的联合约束

三江地区兰坪盆地中-新生代砂岩和板岩中赋存有脉状铜矿床,其成因一直存在争议。本文选取金满矿床作为实例进行了详细的铜和硫同位素研究。解析了该矿床成矿物质来源及其富集机理。研究表明金满矿床具有多期性、成矿物质多来源性。硫同位素数据显示,大部分分布在-5.0‰~+3.4‰之间,个别富集硫的轻同位素,δ~(34)S值达-10.1‰、-11.4‰、-11.6‰,认为硫主要来源于盆地蒸发岩硫酸盐,通过有机质热分解作用还原成H_2S,同时有少量生物成因硫及深部来源硫。铜同位素研究表明,成矿早阶段铜同位素δ~(65)Cu值在零附近,铜主要来源于深部地壳或上地幔,晚阶段硫化物富集铜的轻同位素,δ~(65)Cu值达-1.10‰、-1.02‰,铜主要来自盆地内成矿流体流经的地层。结合研究区成矿物质来源、流体性质及地质背景,认为不同性质流体混合发生氧化还原作用促使金属硫化物沉淀是金满矿床主要形成机制。另外,成矿流体沿断裂上涌,外界条件突变,压力下降,气体逸出等过程对硫化物沉淀也起到一定作用。