Micromechanical Modelling of Granular Materials: Effect of Particle Size and Gradation

In this paper the effects of maximum particle size, particle gradation/sorting and fabric on bulk mechanical behaviour of granular materials such as coarse grained soils and rockfills are investigated" from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, using numerical" simulations based on Discrete Element Modelling (DEM). Hydrostatic compaction and biaxial tests on 2-dimensional assemblies of discs with varying particle sizes and gradations were modelled using DEM. An examination of the constitutive behaviour of granular media considering" the particulate nature of the medium has been attempted to explain the effect of particle size and gradation. Simulation results on perfectly parallel graded assemblies indicate that with increase in the size of the particles, a marginal increase (or no increase) in the angle of internal friction is observed during biaxial loading conditions. A change to a wider gradation (keeping the minimum grain size the same) results in a decrease in the angle of internal friction and an increase in volumetric strain to a considerable extent. Based on micromechanical force and fabric parameters, the basis for the physical behaviour was established. This helps in understanding the physics of parallel gradation techniques.     

金沙江干流水电工程区岸坡失稳危险性预测及防治对策

笔者通过调查研究和综合分析金沙江干流水电工程区岸坡地质背景和岩体力学环境条件，定性分析与定量评价相结合，采用与三峡工程库区岸坡失稳危险性评价相类比的方法，针对崩滑体失稳按总体积的1／8和1／11入江方量进行了计算和按美国土木工程学会涌浪图解计算法计算了入水点及在向家坝坝址、溪洛渡坝址和邻近城镇的涌浪高度，并围绕大坝施工安全、库区周边城镇安全，水库运营安全等方面对岸坡失稳的危险性进行了评价预测，提出了岸坡失稳的防治对策。评价结果表明，向家坝库区和溪洛渡库区土质岸坡坍塌及崩滑体入江和涌浪不会影响水库的正常运行及长期效益。     

地质标准物质不确定度评估方法初探

在分析地质标准物质标准值不确定度来源的基础上,提出了在多个实验室协作研制地质标准物质时,协作单位除提供重现性检测数据外,还应分别提供各项目检测数据的合成不确定度。分析方法或实验室之间的平均值的合成不确定度按不等精度方法处理。标准物质标准值的不确定度由分析方法、检测实验室、样品均匀性和样品稳定性的不确定度合成后乘以扩展不确定度置信水平下的包含因子而得。     

海泡石应用于调湿材料的研究

为寻找合适的湿度调节材料,本文对海泡石及海泡石复合样品进行了吸湿能力和放湿能力测试。与坡缕石比较,10g200目海泡石样品可以将10L密闭容器的湿度从70%降至4%,吸湿能力强于同样条件下的坡缕石。海泡石(10g)的吸、放湿能力经过3次吸、放湿实验后有所减弱,最后一次吸湿量达0.4g,放湿量达0.15g。实验还发现,30g海泡石和白水泥复合样品可以使10L容器内部的湿度稳定在40%～50%,因此,海泡石可以用作室内湿度调节的建筑材料。     

蓄水渗膜材料在造林中的应用研究

从2001年始，以内蒙古干旱、半干旱区为试验区，研究蓄水渗膜材料水纤维和基体在不同土壤条件、不同栽培方案、不同时间、不同树种进行的造林试验。结果表明：经过3年的试验研究，提出了一套适应荒漠化地区应用的新材料在干旱区造林的工艺和技术方法。采用蓄水渗膜材料生态综合治理方案及植树方法，能够使原来的干旱区常规造林成活率由40％-70％提高到85％以上。     

Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter measurements of dissolved substances and suspended particles in ocean water

We have developed a new device to measure the separate contributions to the spectral absorption coefficient due to a pure liquid, due to the particles suspended in it, and due to the substances dissolved in it. This device, the Integrating Cavity Absorption Meter (ICAM), is essentially independent of scattering effects in the sample. In April 1993, a prototype of the ICAM was field tested on board the research vessel USNS Bartlett. A major part of the cruise track included criss-crossing the area where the Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico at various ranges from the mouth of the river; thus samples were collected from areas of blue, green, and brown/black water. We evaluated 35 seawater samples collected with 5-l Niskin bottles from 22 locations to determine absorption spectra (380–700 nm) of suspended particles and dissolved substances (gelbstoff). Results validate the ICAM as a viable tool for marine optical absorption research. Gelbstoff absorption at 432.5 nm ranged from 0.024 to 0.603 m⁻¹. Over the spectral region 380→560 nm, gelbstoff absorption by each of the samples could be accurately fit to a decaying exponential. The particle absorption spectra are generally characteristic of those of phytoplankton and exhibit a local maximum at 430–440 nm. Absorption values at 432.5 nm ranged from zero to 1.0 m⁻¹. Some samples with moderate particulate absorption, however, did not show the characteristic local maximum of phytoplankton in the blue and instead resembled the characteristic decaying exponential of detritus with a shape similar to that observed in the gelbstoff. The ratio of gelbstoff to particulate absorption at 432.5 nm ranged from 0.46 to 152.     

Depletion of a brine layer at the base of ridge-crest hydrothermal systems

The variable salinity of fluid venting from mid-ocean ridges is indicative of mixing between hydrothermal seawater and fluids that have undergone supercritical phase separation. In order to study the stability of a brine-saturated layer that may form in the lowermost part of the hydrothermal system, we have performed numerical simulations of a system that has returned into the subcritical regime. For typical geological parameters, it is shown that the interface between the brine layer and the overlying fluids is not very stable, but vanishes by one of two dynamical mechanisms: convective breakdown or vertical migration. This contradicts the conventional picture of a steady, layered convective system in which the brine is depleted only by dispersion and diffusion across the interface. The depletion mechanism depends on the fluid-dynamical stability of the brine layer. Convection within the brine layer results either in the convective breakdown (for low excess salinity of the brine, as compared to seawater) or the upward migration of the interface (for higher excess salinities). Consequently, the depletion times are much shorter than for models with pure dispersion/diffusion across the interface. If the brine layer is static, high-chlorinity liquid is entrained slowly by the convecting overlying fluids, leading to downward migration of the interface. This gradual depletion of the brine layer results in almost constant vent salinities, in agreement with measured salinities of chronic high-chlorinity vents.     

材料三维显微组织形态研究：进展与展望

材料三维显微组织形态的实验观测和科学定量表征是材料学科的核心问题,是材料科学研究中一个无法回避的且又相当具有挑战性的难题。本文就材料三维显微组织几何形态观测和表征中的一些基本概念、研究方法及其应用进展、存在问题与可能解决途径进行了讨论,就我国在该领域中的下一步发展战略提出了若干意见。     

Stream-scanning laser system, electric sensing counter and settling grain size analysis: a comparison using reference materials and marine sediments

Surface and deep-sea core sediments and two sets of standards were measured by three different techniques — Galai Cis-1 laser system, Coulter Counter TA II, and Micromeritics SediGraph 5000D — in order to compare the Galai results with the other two. The differences between the three types of measuring device turned out to be greater in sediments than in standards, and were attributed to the physical properties, shape, density and composition of the particles (complexity of the matrix). Comparison of moment statistics showed that the Galai determines coarser grain sizes than the Coulter and finer than the SediGraph, particularly as regards analysis of surface sediments. The relationships between Galai and SediGraph were estimated using analysis of variation/residuals within individual intervals. The analysis showed a higher variability of residuals for the coarser fractions (8–16 μm and 16–32 μm) with respect to the finer (2–4 μm and 4–8 μm) fractions. The <2 μm SediGraph fraction, with a cut-off at 0.49 μm, showed good correspondence with the <2.5 μm Galai analysis.     

新系列岩石和水系沉积物地球化学标准物质

简要介绍新近完成的7个国家一级标准物质的研制成果,其在品种上和元素的含量与组合特征上是对已有GSR和GSD系列地球化学标准物质的重要补充。