Porothermoelastic analyses of anisotropic hollow cylinders with applications

It has been known that material anisotropy and thermal stresses affect borehole stability significantly. Aiming at the experimental studies associated with borehole stability in anisotropic (transversely isotropic) poroelastic materials subject to non‐isothermal conditions, this paper details and applies an anisotropic porothermoelastic solution to an unjacketed hollow cylinder in a triaxial set‐up. Numerical analyses are presented to demonstrate thermal and material anisotropy effects on the pore pressure and the stress concentrations in and around the geometry of a hollow cylinder subjected to thermal and stress perturbations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川黑牛洞铜矿床磁黄铁矿的标型特征及成矿指示意义

黑牛洞铜矿床是近年来国内发现的富铜矿床之一.磁黄铁矿是该矿床中含量最高的金属矿物,且与该矿床最重要的矿石矿物黄铜矿共生.本文试图通过研究磁黄铁矿的矿物学特征,为揭示黑牛洞铜矿床的成因提供重要参考信息.本文运用电子探针、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和矿相显微镜观测等方法,对黑牛洞不同产状磁黄铁矿进行了形貌、化学组成和结构分析.研究表明不同矿石类型的磁黄铁矿均为六方晶系,其Fe原子含量的百分比变化范围是42.43%～45.58%.在Fe-S相图中,黑牛洞矿床的磁黄铁矿位于磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区.据研究,黑牛洞矿床中磁黄铁矿的成分、结构和矿物组合中罕见黄铁矿等信息寓示磁黄铁矿的峰期变质温度高于450℃.该矿床中磁黄铁矿至少有两种成因,即主要从流体中沉淀并受变质的磁黄铁矿和少量由黄铁矿变质脱硫而成的磁黄铁矿.黑牛洞矿床矿体和蚀变围岩中石墨广泛发育表明,变质过程处于强还原环境,而还原环境中S在流体中的溶解度较小且易于沉淀.矿床中黑色电气石的普遍产出表明中高温热液存在.这与磁黄铁矿的标型特征相对应.中高温流体存在、强还原环境和碳质的催化作用等为黄铁矿变质形成磁黄铁矿提供了有利的条件,也为黑牛洞铜矿床铜元素在韧性剪切带形成的有利客矿空间中沉淀、再富集提供了必要的物理化学条件.     

The Cathedral of S. Giorgio in Ragusa Ibla (Italy): characterization of construction materials and their chromatic alteration

The Cathedral of St. Giorgio in Ragusa Ibla (Sicily) is one of the most important Baroque monuments of eastern Sicily. The restoration of the monument underway has put forward notable questions regarding the stone materials used and their state of degradation. The façade appears to be made mainly of a creamy white calcarenite, and of mortars and plasters. However, detailed analysis has highlighted a more complex use of the raw material. The mortar and plaster have a different composition in regards to their architectural use while the natural stone material is distinguished not only by a creamy-white calcarenite but also by a dark coloured bituminous calcarenite (pitch rock), which now appears whiter because of superficial chromatic alterations. This process was reproduced in the laboratory using an accelerated aging technique on samples of bituminous calcarenite, which allowed the cause of the alternation to be identified as photo-oxidation of the asphaltenes. Following this process of photo-oxidation, other forms of chromatic alterations affected the façade (brown–orange-coloured patinas). FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscope and thin section microscopic observation allowed the characterization of also the products of this process to be carried out, highlighting the complex mechanism which the processes underwent.     

测量学课程体系建设研究与教学实践

结合测量学课程教学实际,制定了科学合理的课程教学体系。讨论了教材建设、教学手段建设和实践教学环节建设等课程体系建设与实施方法,保证了测量学课程教学改革的成果和质量。测量学课程体系建设,对培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,提高学生的实践技能,提高教师的教学业务水平具有十分重要的意义。     

Use of naturally-occurring but non-standard materials in low-cost road construction

Summary This paper briefly outlines the use of non-standard materials in road base construction in Australia. After a short survey of the history of usage and the parallel development of current rigorous standards for base course materials, a selection of examples of the successful use of materials not meeting those standards is given. Such materials include decomposed rocks, soft rocks, fine grained materials, loams and sands. Some comments are made on construction and maintenance practices appropriate to such usage.     

相图测定成矿压力方法的评述

本文对国内外广泛应用相图测定成矿压力的方法进行了评述。文中讨论了引起相图测定成矿压力不确切性的各种因素,并提出了消除或减弱这些影响因素的措施,以利于进一步提高利用相图进行成矿压力测定的精度。     

Vermiculate artefacts in image analysis of granular materials

Some reported analyses of images of deforming granular materials have generated surprising vermiculate strain features which are difficult to reconcile with the mechanics of deformation of granular matter. Detailed investigation using synthetic images and improved processing of images of laboratory experiments indicates that such features can emerge as a consequence of the image acquisition (sensor, contrast, resolution), the subsequent image correlation implementation, and the user’s choice of processing parameters. The two principal factors are: (i) the texture and resolution of the images and (ii) the algorithm used to achieve sub-pixel displacement resolution. Analysis of the images using a sub-pixel interpolation algorithm that is more robust than that used originally eliminates the vermiculate features for images with moderate resolution and texture. However, erroneous features persist in images with low resolution and poor texture. Guidance is provided on ways in which such artefacts can be avoided through improved experimental and image analysis techniques.     

岩盐中合成烃包裹体与母油的地球化学特征及其在油源对比中的意义

油气包裹体广泛应用于油气成藏研究,但油气包裹体能否继承母油荧光及地球化学特征等,尚缺乏直接的实验证据。本文在开放体系下用NaCl挥发结晶法对一轻质原油进行合成烃类包裹体实验,通过镜下观察和激光剥蚀色谱-质谱技术分析合成的烃包裹体和母油的荧光特征、成分特征及地化特征,研究两者的异同点。结果表明,在NaCl合成烃类包裹体中共发现三种相态的包裹体:纯液相烃包裹体、气液两相烃包裹体和气油水三相包裹体;共有绿黄色荧光、蓝色荧光两种不同颜色的荧光特征。相对于母油,合成包裹体的饱和烃和芳烃类化合物中的轻质组分含量较低,可以推测在母油被捕获成为包裹体的过程中,不同的化学成分存在差异性捕获。但合成包裹体的Pr/Ph等地化参数和不同系列化合物相对含量与母油相差不大,能很好地反映母油的沉积环境等地化特征。因此,包裹体成分信息可以应用于油源对比分析。     

Precise and Accurate Doping of Nanoporous Silica Gel for the Synthesis of Trace Element Microanalytical Reference Materials

This study presents an experimental procedure to fabricate high‐purity silica glass containing a selected element at a specified mass fraction. The procedure was used to prepare glasses doped with trace‐level mass fractions of Ti with the goal of improving analytical confidence when measuring trace elements in quartz. Systematic tests were performed to determine the ideal conditions and procedures for doping nanoporous silica gel with the highest efficiency of dopant recovery. Silica gel was cleaned in concentrated HCl, immersed in a non‐polar doping medium at a controlled pH and doped with precise quantities of ICP‐MS standard solution. Using liquids composed of longer chain molecules as the doping medium diminishes recovery, suggesting that large molecules could obstruct nanopores to inhibit capillary uptake of the dopant. A control experiment using crystalline quartz reinforced the effectiveness of nanoporous silica gel for doping with trace‐level precision. Layered aggregates of silica gel doped with different Ti mass fractions were hot‐pressed to create multi‐layered reference materials that were analysed with multiple techniques at a variety of spatial scales. Analyses at the intra‐grain scale (cathodoluminescence scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis), at the single grain scale (SIMS), at the sample layer scale (EPMA, laser ablation‐ICP‐MS) and at the bulk scale (ICP‐OES) demonstrated acceptable homogeneity at sample volumes characteristic of most microanalysis techniques and show that nanoporous silica gel holds promise as a highly retentive doping substrate for preparing reference materials for laser‐, electron‐ and ion‐beam microanalysis.     

The role of non‐coaxiality in the simulation of strain localization based on classical and Cosserat continua

It is normally accepted that materials inside the shear band undergo severe rotation of the principal stress direction, which causes non‐coaxiality between the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate. However, classical plasticity flow theory implicitly assumes that the principal stress and the principal plastic strain rate are coaxial; thus, it may not correctly predict the onset of the shear band. In addition, classical continuum does not contain any internal length scales; as a result, it cannot provide a reasonable shear band thickness. In this study, the original vertex non‐coaxial plastic model based on the classical continuum is extended to the Cosserat continuum. The corresponding codes are implemented via the interface of the user defined element subroutine in ABAQUS. Through a simple shear test, the effectiveness of the user's codes is verified. Through a uniaxial compression test, the influence of non‐coaxiality on the onset, the orientation, and the thickness of the shear band is investigated. Results show that the onset of the shear localization is delayed, and the thickness of the shear band is widened when the non‐coaxial degree increases, while the orientation of the shear band is little affected by the non‐coaxial degree. In addition, it is found that the non‐coaxiality can weaken the micro‐polar effect to some extent; nonetheless, the Cosserat non‐coaxial model still has its advantage over the classical non‐coaxial model in capturing the pre‐bifurcation as well as the post‐bifurcation behaviors of strain localization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.