Copper Isotopic Analysis in Geological and Biological Reference Materials by MC‐ICP‐MS

The characterisation of relative copper isotope amount ratios (δ⁶⁵Cu) helps constrain a variety of geochemical processes occurring in the geosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. The accurate and precise determination of δ⁶⁵Cu in matrix reference materials is crucial in the effort to validate measurement methods. With the goal of expanding the number and variety of available geological and biological materials, we have characterised the δ⁶⁵Cu values of ten reference materials by MC‐ICP‐MS using C‐SSBIN model for mass bias correction. SGR‐1b (Green River shale), DOLT‐5 (dogfish liver), DORM‐4 (fish protein), TORT‐3 (lobster hepatopancreas), MESS‐4 (marine sediment) and PACS‐3 (marine sediment) have for the first time been characterised for δ⁶⁵Cu. Additionally, four reference materials (with published δ⁶⁵Cu values) have been characterised: BHVO‐1 (Hawaiian basalt), BIR‐1 (Icelandic basalt), W‐2a (diabase) and Seronorm? Trace Elements Serum L‐1 (human serum). The reference materials measured in this study possess complex and varied matrices with copper mass fractions ranging from 1.2 µg g^?1 to 497 µg g^?1 and δ⁶⁵Cu values ranging from ?0.20‰ to 0.52‰ with a mean expanded uncertainty of ± 0.07‰ (U, k = 2), covering much of the natural copper isotope variability observed in the environment.     

Determination of High Field Strength Elements, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Tl and Bi at ng g−1 Levels in Geological Reference Materials by Magnetic Sector ICP-MS after HF/HClO4 High Pressure Digestion

Six low abundance rock reference materials (basalt BIR-1, dunite DTS-1, dolerite DNC-1, peridotite PCC-1, serpentine UB-N and basalt TAFAHI) have been analysed for high field strength elements (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th and U), Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Tl and Bi at ng g⁻¹ levels (in rock) by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after HF/HClO₄ high pressure decomposition. The adopted method uses only indium as an internal standard. Detection limits were found to be in the range of 0.08 to 16.2 pg ml⁻¹ in solution (equivalent to 0.08 to 16.2 ng g⁻¹ in rock). Our data for high field strength elements, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Tl and Bi for the six selected low abundance geological reference materials show general agreement with previously published data. Our Ta values in DTS-1 and PCC-1 (1.3 and 0.5 ng g⁻¹) are lower than in previously published studies, providing smooth primitive mantle distribution patterns. Lower values were also found for Tl in BIR-1, DTS-1 and PCC-1 (2, 0.4 and 0.8 ng g⁻¹). Compared with quadrupole ICP-MS studies, the proposed magnetic sector ICP-MS method can generally provide better detection limits, so that the measurement of high field strength elements, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Tl and Bi at ng g⁻¹ levels can be achieved without pre-concentration, ion exchange separation or other specialised techniques.     

微纳米Ca(OH)2加固遗址土室内试验研究

无机材料以兼容性强、耐久性好等特点被广泛应用于土遗址加固,特别疏松结构土遗址加固一直是学界关注的焦点,微纳米Ca(OH)₂具有分子结构小、加固效果显著和耐久性好等特点。以世界文化遗产锁阳城为代表,制备密度为1.5g/cm³的疏松土样,采用浓度为5%、7.5%和10%微纳米Ca(OH)₂的悬浊液滴渗加固,通过透气性、色差、无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度测试发现,透气性下降值均在2%以内,5%和7.5%微纳米Ca(OH)₂加固后色差ΔE_ab*均小于4,在一定范围内可接受;其中用浓度为7.5%微纳米Ca(OH)₂加固3次后抗压强度和抗剪强度均有提高,无侧限抗压强度增长率为9.8%,土的黏聚力增加了34%,内摩擦角提高了9°;土-水特征曲线表明,微纳米Ca(OH)₂对土的体积收缩率具有较好的抑制作用。扫描电镜、X射线衍射和热重分析发现,微纳米Ca(OH)₂渗透加固后,在碱性环境下发生了的物理化学反应,在物理层面主要通过填充、包...     

面向21世纪的煤化工

煤炭是中国的主要能源和资源，但同时也是主要的污染源。从保护环境、合理利用有限的化石资源的角度和中国的具体国情考虑，应该大力开发温和化高效煤的新工艺，使煤炭资源逐步由能源型利用转化为材料型利用，近年来，我们在煤的溶剂萃取，脱硫降灰机理，煤相关模型化合物反应，煤焦油中稠环芳香族化合物的分离精制，功能性高分子单体合成及一氧化碳高效吸附剂的制备等方面做了大量的研究工作，结合这些研究工作，本文介绍了煤化工的     

脉状铅锌（铜、银）多金属热液矿床研究进展

目前在矿床学分类研究中对沉积岩容贱金属矿床的命名和分类尚未统一,其中一类赋矿围岩为沉积岩、矿体受构造(断层、褶皱等)控制呈脉状产出的、成矿金属为铅锌铜银多金属的矿床成为缺失环节,缺少系统的归纳总结。但该类矿床是造山作用的产物,对其进行归纳综合分析,有助于了解造山作用中的矿质迁移和沉淀过程。本文将该类矿床资料收集,对其成矿特征、控矿构造、成矿流体、矿质来源等进行分析总结。研究表明,此类矿床与造山作用或造山带有着紧密的联系。成矿物质表现为多源性,包括基底围岩、岩浆来源以及幔源贡献。成矿流体具有岩浆流体、变质流体、盆地卤水等多种来源,部分矿床的成矿流体受大气水影响。该类型矿床与MVT铅锌矿床有相似之处,但在成矿环境、控矿因素、金属来源以及成矿流体来源等方面有较大差异。     

LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Magnetite and Application in Genesis of Mineral Deposit

Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is well characterized by the in-situ, real time, lower limit of detection and high space resolution, etc. Therefore, it is more excellent in the analysis of trace element for varied minerals in comparison to other micro-zone analysis technologies. Magnetite as a common mineral from different deposits and rocks has been focused on chemical compositions by researchers worldwide. In fact, as the insignificant matrix effect for most elements in magnetite, analysis results could be calculated effectively against Fe-rich silicate glass as the reference material. Therefore, researches on trace element distribution of magnetite have been developed rapidly in recent years, and it has a wide application prospect in reflecting the condition of ore-forming, discriminating different deposit types and indicating prospecting exploration. Comparing varied previous discrimination diagrams about magnetite via collecting trace element data from available literatures based on 25 deposits, we found that there was an urgent need for further detailing and reexamining the boundary of fields representing different genetic types, and it was vital for interpreting the data through carefully petrographical observation before analysis. In addition, we discussed several complex physicochemical factors, which would influence the element concentration of magmatite in igneous and hydrothermal processes, such as melt/fluid composition, temperature, cooling rate, pressure, oxygen fugacity, sulfur fugacity and silica activity. In magma stage, Magnetite’s components are closely related to melts composition and differentiation, while fluid features would also significantly change magnetie's components. Furthermore, there is serious interference for discriminating the genesis of magnetite because of late stage fluids and equilibrium again in subsolidus condition. This paper reviewed the developments of trace elements analysis by LA-ICP-MS and important applications about magnetite in mineral deposit so that unique thoughts for the research on mineralization and ore-forming processes could be obtained.     

长江中下游池州地区矽卡岩-斑岩型W-Mo矿床流体包裹体与H、O、S同位素研究

长江中下游池州地区区域构造上处于下扬子坳陷与江南古陆之间的过渡带上,近年来该区域内以钨钼为主的多金属矿床勘探方面取得了很大突破,鸡头山矽卡岩-斑岩型W-Mo矿、马头斑岩型Mo矿和百丈岩矽卡岩-斑岩型W-Mo矿是其中的三个代表性矿床。在鸡头山矿区和百丈岩矿区钨钼主要赋存于矽卡岩体中,已有工程探明二者的深部都有斑岩型矿体存在;在马头矿区钼主要以含钼石英脉和辉钼矿细脉的形式赋存于近接触带岩体与围岩中。流体包裹体研究表明,池州地区与钨钼矿有关的流体包裹体以水溶液包裹体(L+V)为主,同时发育含子矿物包裹体(L+V+S)和CO2包裹体(L+LCO2+VCO2)。成矿流体演化分为三个阶段:早阶段温度在350～500℃之间,深度约为1.5～2.5km,初始流体盐度为17%～25%NaCleqv,流体富H2O-CO2-CH4等气体,流体发生沸腾作用分离出高盐度流体和富气相低盐度流体;中阶段温度在170～360℃之间,深度约为0.5～1.7km,盐度为2%～24%NaCleqv,富H2O-CO2-CH4-H2S等气体,流体混合作用使得大量钨、钼、铅、锌等金属沉淀成矿;晚阶段温度在100～160℃之间,深度在约0.6km以下,盐度范围为1%～10%NaCleqv,与成矿作用无关。含矿石英脉H-O同位素和硫化物S同位素共同指示,池州地区与钨钼矿有关的成矿流体来自岩浆水、大气水和建造水的混合,流体混合是区域钨-钼-铅-锌成矿的主要机制。     

Chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids subjected to precipitation and dissolution of mineral species

This paper studies the chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids in the context of continuum thermodynamics for fluid‐saturated porous media. For this purpose, an existing constitutive model formulated in the frame of the Breakage Mechanics theory is augmented to cope with reactive processes. Chemical state variables accounting for the reactions between the solid constituents and the solutes in the pore fluid are introduced to enrich the interactions among the microstructural units simulated by the model (i.e., grains and cement bonds). Two different reactive processes are studied (i.e., grain dissolution and cement precipitation), using the chemical variables to describe the progression of the reactions and track changes in the size of grains and bonds. Finally, a homogenization strategy is used to derive the energy potentials of the solid mixture, adopting probability density functions that depend on both mechanical and chemical indices. It is shown that the connection between the statistics of the micro‐scale attributes and the continuum properties of the solid enables the mathematical capture of numerous mechanical effects of lithification and chemical deterioration, such as changes in stiffness, expansion/contraction of the elastic domain, and development of inelastic strains during reaction. In particular, the model offers an interpretation of the plastic strains generated by aggressive environments, which are here interpreted as an outcome of chemically driven debonding and comminution. As a result, the model explains widely observed macroscopic signatures of geomaterial degradation by reconciling the energetics of the deformation/reaction processes with the evolving geometry of the microstructural attributes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海洋底质测量专用标准规范研究

研究海洋底质测量专用标准体系构成及作业规范技术要点.分析专用海洋底质测量的任务构成和技术特点,依据底质测量的专用需求和国内外底质测量技术规范与数据格式标准的发展趋势,对海洋底质测量专用标准体系构成、数据格式标准及作业技术规程进行了探讨.     

铜锡复合成矿研究进展与展望

铜与锡具有不同的地球化学性质,然而铜锡共生或复合成矿现象在世界主要铜、锡成矿带中比较常见,如中国的右江、南岭(湘南)、大兴安岭南段(内蒙东部)、葡萄牙伊比利亚、秘鲁安第斯、英格兰德文郡、德国厄尔士山、日本西南、俄罗斯远东、加拿大新不伦瑞克等成矿带均为铜锡复合矿床的集中产区。铜锡复合矿床主要为岩浆热液矿床,以矽卡岩型、脉状矿床为主,兼有火山热液沉积型、斑岩型及云英岩型等。铜矿体的主要矿石矿物为黄铜矿,兼有斑铜矿、黝铜矿、辉铜矿等;锡矿体的主要矿石矿物为锡石,兼有黝锡矿。铜锡复合矿床的成矿物质来源(尤其是铜、锡成矿元素的来源是否具有一致性)尚有不少争议,锡普遍被认为是岩浆来源,而铜的来源具有多样性。成矿流体演化过程中的氧化还原环境的改变及流体的混合是导致铜锡复合成矿的主要原因。目前对于铜锡复合成矿的研究,主要是从矿床的年代学、单矿物(黄铜矿、锡石)微量元素及传统同位素地球化学、流体包裹体等方面入手,但对厘定铜锡复合成矿过程的作用有限。铜锡复合矿床的成因及勘查模型的建立具有重要的理论价值及现实意义。本文提出未来研究可以从多种非传统稳定同位素(例如Cu、Sn、W、Zn同位素)的联合示踪探索、成...