胶东大尹格庄金矿床铅同位素地球化学

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是其最重要的金矿床类型,该类型金矿床已探明金矿资源量占全区的90%以上,其巨量金的来源是引人瞩目的关键科学问题。招平断裂带是胶东金矿集区内规模最大的断裂-成矿带,其内已探明金资源量1500余吨,大尹格庄金矿床位于招平金矿带中段,是该金矿带最具代表性的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床之一,目前勘探深度近-800m,已探明金金属量约125t。NNE向招平断裂带和NWW向大尹格庄断裂是区内主要控矿构造,其中招平断裂带沿胶东群与玲珑花岗岩接触带发育,控制了大尹格金矿床的产出。招平断裂带下盘为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,是金矿床的主要赋矿围岩,普遍发育黄铁绢英岩化蚀变;招平断裂带上盘为太古宇胶东群混合岩化黑云斜长变粒岩、碳酸盐片岩和斜长角闪岩及古元古代荆山群禄格庄组石榴矽线黑云片岩和黑云片岩,发育强烈的碳酸盐化。金矿化与绢云母化、黄铁矿化和硅化关系密切,金矿体赋存在招平断裂带下盘的黄铁绢英岩和黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩中,主要金属矿物为黄铁矿,其次为方铅矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿,且黄铁矿常与方铅矿和闪锌矿共生。以大尹格庄断裂为界,其南、北两侧分别为Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号矿体,它们是占大尹格庄金矿床探明储量的85%。相对于Ⅱ号矿体,Ⅰ号矿体具有更多的方铅矿和闪锌矿及更高的银含量。I号矿体9件矿石硫化物206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.2638~17.3585、15.4663~15.6116和37.858~38.3328;II号矿体6件矿石硫化物206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别为17.2157~17.3286、15.4595~15.5084和37.8900~38.0004,为放射性成因的异常铅,经历了三阶段演化史。其中,3.4Ga左右壳幔分离,铅在地壳下部和上地幔得到充分混合,形成均一的正常铅;0.8Ga左右铅脱离第二阶段储库并与铀钍体系发生分离;其后,这种铅与不同数量的放射性成因铅发生混合,并于约130Ma金成矿时被保留在硫化物等含金矿物中。该金矿床成矿物质很可能主要来自于胶东群变质岩的再活化,成矿过程中,I号矿体中成矿流体与围岩的交换反应作用更强,有更多的上地壳物质进入成矿流体;而II号矿体则保留了更多的深部初始成矿物质与成矿流体的信息。     

Ore-forming process of the Huijiabao gold district,southwestern Guizhou Province,China: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Huijiabao gold district is one of the major producers for Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province, China, including Taipingdong, Zimudang, Shuiyindong, Bojitian and other gold deposits/occurrences. Petrographic observation, microthermometric study and Laser Raman spectroscopy were carried out on the fluid inclusions within representative minerals in various mineralization stages from these four gold deposits. Five types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in hydrothermal minerals of different ore-forming stages: aqueous inclusions, CO₂ inclusions, CO₂–H₂O inclusions, hydrocarbon inclusions, and hydrocarbon–H₂O inclusions. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a H₂O + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ system with medium to low temperature and low salinity. From early mineralization stage to later ones, the compositions of the ore-forming fluids experienced an evolution of H₂O + NaCl → H₂O + NaCl + CO₂ + CH₄ ± N₂ → H₂O + NaCl ± CH₄ ± CO₂ with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity. The δ¹⁸O values of the main-stage quartz vary from 15.2‰ to 24.1‰, while the δD_H2O and calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values of the ore-forming fluids range from −56.9 to −116.3‰ and from 2.12‰ to 12.7‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of hydrothermal calcite change in the range of −9.1‰ to −0.5‰ and 11.1–23.2‰, respectively. Stable isotopic characteristics indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly composed of ore- and hydrocarbon-bearing basinal fluid. The dynamic fractionation of the sulfur in the diagenetic pyrite is controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates. The hydrothermal sulfides and the diagenetic pyrite from the host rocks are very similar in their sulfur isotopic composition, suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from dissolution of diagenetic pyrite. The study of fluid inclusions indicates that immiscibility of H₂O–NaCl–CO₂ fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and enrichment of gold.     

小秦岭金矿田成矿地质条件分析

小秦岭金矿田的成矿地质条件是矿源（矿源层）、热源、搬运介质和构造条件构成的统一整体，缺一不可。因为矿源层是成矿的物质基础，热源是矿质的活化动力，各种热液是矿质的搬运工具，断裂构造的存在是成矿的决定因素，这四种因素的综合作用方能形成金矿床。所以寻找金矿定要从这四个成矿条件入手。金矿床的规模与四个成矿地质条件的优劣呈正相关。     

A morphometric analysis of tunnel valleys in the eastern North Sea based on 3D seismic data

A 1250 km² 3D seismic volume is used to provide a detailed spatial and geometrical analysis of fifteen Pleistocene tunnel valleys in the Danish North Sea. All the valleys are buried; they are up to 39 km long, 3–4 km wide and up to 350 m deep. The valleys are part of a vast tunnel valley province covering an area of some 0.5 million km² of the formerly glaciated lowland areas of North West Europe. The valleys consist of non‐branching, non‐anastomosing troughs; they exhibit strongly undulating bottom profiles with numerous sub‐basins and thresholds, and are characterised by adverse end slopes. Cross‐cutting relationships and theoretical considerations suggest the occurrence of seven major episodes of valley incision attributed to ice marginal oscillations within a few glacials. Calculations considering the valley end gradients and theoretical ice‐surface profiles suggest that the valleys were formed by pressurised subglacial meltwater erosion. Given a range of theoretical ice‐surface profiles, the adverse end slopes are well beyond the supercooling threshold, which suggests that the water was not in thermal equilibrium with the basal ice and that flow was concentrated in substantial conduits with sufficient mass and flux to maintain water temperature well above the freezing point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿床成矿流体及成矿机制探讨

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿位于燕辽成矿带东部,是近年来发现的中型钼铜矿床。辉钼矿呈细脉状、网脉状、浸染状、薄膜状赋存于长城系石英砂岩及白云岩中的矽卡岩带,钼矿化与硅化关系密切。矿体呈似层状、脉状和透镜状。矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期,铜和钼矿化主要形成于石英-硫化物期。研究表明,矽卡岩期矿物以发育液体包裹体为特征,石英-硫化物期石英中主要发育液体包裹体、含CO₂两相和三相包裹体。矽卡岩期成矿流体为高-中温(192~497℃)、中-低盐度(5.41%~16.53% NaCleqv)、中-低密度(0.59~0.92g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O体系。石英-硫化物期成矿流体为中-低温(主要变化于160~330℃)、低盐度(2.07%~15.17% NaCleqv)和中低密度(0.69~1.01g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ (±CH₄/N₂)型流体。石英的δD_SMOW为-128‰~-80‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW值为9.6‰~14‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O值为-3.61%~5.30‰,表明成矿流体具有岩浆水混合大气降水的特征。硫化物的δ³⁴S变化于-0.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.9‰,表明成矿物质中硫来自深部岩浆。成矿时代为早侏罗世早期,成矿作用与花岗斑岩岩浆期后热液活动有关。     

新疆阿拉套山成矿作用：区域背景、矿源和模式

本文研究了新疆阿拉套山地区成矿作用的区域地质背景、成矿物质来源、成矿的物理化学条件和矿质的迁移富集,据此建立了该区的成矿模式,提供了一个在较小范围内研究和对比两类花岗岩对应两套成矿系列的典型范例.     

粤西-桂东四套成矿系统地质特征、成因类型及构造启示

粤西-桂东地区是我国重要的矿产资源基地,是研究区域成矿作用和大地构造演化耦合关系的理想地区。本文基于粤西-桂东地区四套主要成矿系统的地质特征的研究,结合区域内矿床精确定年和构造演化的研究成果,探讨四套主要成矿系统的成因类型、成矿构造背景及其对钦杭结合带构造演化的启示。其中,广东云浮硫铁矿产于震旦系大绀山组,块状和条带状矿石呈层状产于火山沉积岩系中,是一套与海底热液活动密切相关的VMS成矿系统,形成于新元古代俯冲相关的弧后(间)拉张盆地;盘龙铅锌矿产于泥盆系上伦组,角砾状和胶状矿石产于浅海相白云质碎屑岩中,是一套加里东期被动大陆边缘的SEDEX型铅锌成矿系统;河台金矿田赋存于震旦系乐昌组,脉状矿体严格受断裂和蚀变带控制,是一套变质热液主导的造山型金矿成矿系统,形成于印支-燕山期陆内走滑或陆陆碰撞背景;圆珠顶铜钼矿床形成与燕山期(155Ma)二长花岗斑岩密切相关,细脉浸染状矿石赋存于岩体的内外接触带,是一套陆内伸展背景的斑岩铜钼成矿系统。总体而言,粤西-桂东地区经历了新元古代俯冲、加里东期被动大陆边缘、印支期陆内走滑(或陆陆碰撞)和燕山期陆内伸展四个重要的构造事件,这与钦杭结合带总体构造演化过程一致。     

从汶川地震探讨隐爆与成矿过程

关于地震的成因机制目前还存在很大争议,2008年汶川大地震后的探槽、钻探和测井及地球物理勘探资料研究表明,汶川地震是一个从西南往东北方向渐进的隐爆过程。通过进一步对比国外地震的研究结果推测,地震的隐爆动力机制包含两个方面,其一是地下流体相变膨胀爆炸,其二是地下深处的累积负电荷放电(地下雷电)。然后通过对比斑岩矿床的成矿机制说明地震是一个压力温度释放过程,可以满足斑岩型矿床成矿的压力、温度、酸碱度等变化要素。本次地震富集了磷、硫、铁、锰等元素。这说明地震是一种由断裂运动激发引起的地下隐爆和成矿过程。     

东天山黄土坡铜锌矿床成矿流体的氦-氩同位素示踪

黄土坡铜锌矿床是东天山卡拉塔格地区一中型海相火山岩型块状硫化物（VHMS）矿床,赋存于早志留世海相火山-沉积岩系中。矿体产于酸性火山角砾岩与凝灰岩之间,主矿体呈厚大的扁豆状,矿石主要呈块状、浸染状、条带状和网脉状构造。本文报道了黄土坡铜锌矿床成矿流体的氦和氩同位素组成,黄铁矿流体包裹体的³He 含量低,介于0.039×10^-12 cm³ STP/g～0.64×10^-12 cm³ STP/g,n（³He）/n（⁴He）值为 0.11～0.94 Ra,介于壳源He与幔源He之间。⁴⁰Ar 含量变化于 3.49×10^-8cm³ STP/g～34.25×10^-8 cm³ STP/g 之间,n（⁴⁰Ar）/n（³⁶Ar）介于301.40～425.98 之间。成矿流体中有幔源 He（1.71%～10.97%）和放射性成因 Ar（⁴⁰Ar*含量为1.96%～30.63%）。结合矿床包裹体及 H-O-S 同位素特征,认为幔源流体和富放射性成因He 和Ar 的海水参与了成矿。     

云南哀牢山大坪金矿床成矿流体H-O-C-S同位素组成及其成矿意义

大坪金矿是云南哀牢山金矿带中最大的新生代造山型金矿之一,其矿体可分为两种类型:晚元古代闪长岩岩体中金矿和中泥盆统马鹿洞组(D2m)灰岩地层中金矿。成矿流体H-O-C-S同位素研究表明,闪长岩岩体中金矿δ18OH2O为2.39‰～7.59‰,δD为-85‰～-60‰,热液方解石的δ13C值为-4.7‰～-4.6‰,黄铁矿δ34S值为-2.8‰～7.6‰,平均3.1‰,方铅矿δ34S值为0.2‰～6.3‰,平均2.0‰,而灰岩地层中金矿的δ18OH2O值为4.36‰～6.82‰,δD为-75‰～-67‰,热液铁白云石和方解石δ13C为-7.6‰～-0.5‰,黄铁矿δ34S值为2.2‰～10.2‰,平均6.5‰,显示大坪金矿中两种主要金矿类型成矿流体的组成和来源基本一致,均主要为来自下地壳的变质流体组成,但有地幔流体加入。大坪金矿属于剪切带控制的中深中温热液型金矿,其成矿与哀牢山金矿带在喜马拉雅早期强烈的壳幔相互作用有关。来自下地壳和地幔的深源流体沿超壳剪切带上升,在地壳浅部向次级断裂构造流通,分别在闪长岩体和灰岩地层中成矿。围岩不是大坪金矿的主要控矿因素。