华北古陆块南缘金属矿床成矿机制研究

文章通过分析和总结前人的研究资料,认为华北古陆块南缘产出的金属矿床具有成矿机制的多样性：①构造-变质-岩浆-流体成矿,如小秦岭金矿等;②构造-岩浆成矿,如熊耳山金矿田、外方山铅锌铜矿、神洞沟银矿、与燕山期中酸性小岩体有关的钼钨矿等;③构造-建造-流体成矿,如刘山崖铜锌矿、围山城金银矿等;④岩浆-热液蚀变成矿,如秋树湾铜钼矿。     

哀牢山南段长安金矿床成矿流体特征及成因类型探讨

长安金矿床是三江造山带哀牢山成矿带南段大型矿床之一,就位于甘河断裂的脆性破碎带内.其成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度的特点,气相成分以H2O、CO2为主,主成矿期流体中CO2含量可达21.162mo1％～32.832mo1％;液相成分以Cl-、K+、Na+为主.成矿流体的δ13CCo2值为-3.427‰～8.749‰,显示海相碳酸盐源特征并与岩浆活动有关;δD值为-111‰～ -78.383‰,δ18O值介于10.527‰～13.565‰,δ34S值集中分布在+1‰～+3‰之间,综合表明长安金矿流体具有岩浆热液的性质,同时,源自海相碳酸盐地层的变质水也参与了成矿作用.在哀牢山南段的金平地区,受新生代大规模富碱性岩浆沿断裂上侵的影响,含金的岩浆气液在运动过程中混合浅部流体并活化、萃取矿区地层及有关地质体中的金元素,使其转入溶液形成含金的成矿流体;当成矿流体运移到浅部有利构造或岩性部位时,物理化学条件的变化,促使Au等成矿物质快速沉淀、富集形成微细浸染状矿化.综合研究认为,长安金矿床兼具造山型和卡林型金矿床的典型地质地球化学特征,可被厘定为类卡林型金矿床,为卡林型与造山型之间的过渡类型.     

西藏弄如日金矿流体包裹体研究

弄如日金矿床位于青藏高原南部冈底斯-喜马拉雅构造区的冈底斯构造岩浆带东段,是该成矿带上首次发现的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。本文在详细的野外矿床地质研究基础上,通过对各期与成矿密切相关的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体成分的LRM分析和包裹体中子矿物相的SEM/EDS分析等,对与矿化有关的成矿流体的特征、演化以及金的迁移与沉淀机制进行了讨论。通过研究流体成矿过程包括:形成黄铁矿-石英组合的早期阶段,发育以含子矿物的三相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于256~335℃,盐度29.7%~38.9% NaCleqv;形成毒砂-富砷黄铁矿-石英组合的主成矿阶段,发育富CO₂包裹体,均一温度集中于230~357℃,盐度1.81%~9.74% NaCleqv,CO₂密度为0.16~0.29g·cm^-3;形成辉锑矿-石英、雄黄-石英和碳酸岩脉组合的晚期阶段,发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中于134~245℃,盐度1.91%~8.95% NaCleqv。与金成矿有关的流体为中温、低盐度的富CO₂、CH₄、N₂、Na⁺流体体系,成矿流体温度、压力降低造成了流体不混溶,使CO₂相与水溶液相分离是造成金沉淀的主要机制。     

柴达木盆地尖顶山锶矿地质地球化学特征研究

尖顶山锶矿是柴达木盆地内大型的天青石矿床,通过对矿区进行野外考察和取样,对尖顶山锶矿矿石进行了矿物学、元素地球化学以及锶同位素特征的研究。在对尖顶山矿区区域地质构造特征分析对比的基础上,结合尖顶山天青石矿区的Google Earth图像的遥感地质解译,发现尖顶山地区的天青石矿层赋存于第四系七个泉组,而不是第三系的狮子沟组。并且前人所划分的N2S2-1和N2S2-2地层不应该属于上新世的狮子沟组,而应划入第四系七个泉组。     

南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床稀土微量元素特征及其成因意义

萨瓦亚尔顿金矿位于新疆乌恰县的南天山构造带中,是我国20世纪90年代发现的第一例“穆龙套型”金矿.矿床形成于印支期,矿化与石英脉密切相关,显示了与穆龙套金矿的相似性.成矿流体演化经历了早期高温无矿化石英阶段,中期中低温矿化石英阶段,晚期低温碳酸盐脉阶段.早期无矿石英的稀土及微量元素含量均低于矿化石英.矿化石英包体中流体的稀土元素配分模式显示较一致的轻稀土富集和Eu正异常,指示流体中较高的钙离子或相对还原环境;流体中Pb含量较高,而蚀变强烈的围岩则显示出明显的Ca和Pb流失,这表明成矿流体可能部分来源于与围岩发生交代作用的蚀变流体,矿质沉淀可能与流体混合作用相关.早期石英包体中流体的稀土和微量元素含量较低则指示早期阶段可能未发生流体混合.萨瓦亚尔顿Ⅳ号矿脉为最大矿带,其含矿石英包体中流体微量元素一般高于其它矿脉石英,可能显示较强的流体混合及成矿作用.Ⅱ号矿脉在流体稀土及微量元素含量上显示与Ⅳ脉更为相似.萨瓦亚尔顿金矿稀土微量元素研究表明围岩组分可能为成矿流体主要来源之一,而流体混合则为成矿重要机制,这与前期流体包裹体及同位素研究结论一致,也符合造山型金矿的一般特征.     

Origin of fluids in the Hetaoping Pb–Zn deposit,Baoshan–Narong–Dongzhi block metallogenic belt,Yunnan Province,SW China

The Hetaoping skarn type Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Baoshan–Narong–Dongzhi block metallogenic belt (BND belt), a belt between the Tengchong terrane and the Lanping basin. The deposit is hosted by marble of the upper Cambrian Hetaoping Formation and there are no outcrops of plutonic rocks present. This deposit is one of two large Pb–Zn deposits recently discovered in the BND belt. The Hetaoping deposit is a high Mn skarn. Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized in quartz from the deposit: vapor-rich inclusions (Type I), liquid-rich inclusions (Type II), pure vapor inclusions (Type III), and pure fluid inclusions (Type IV). The coexistence of Type I and Type III inclusions in Stage I (pre-ore stage) and Stage II (main ore stage) shows evidence of fluid boiling. Quartz-hosted fluid inclusions (Stage I and Stage II) display high homogenization temperatures and salinities (134–315 °C; 3.7–18.6 wt% NaCl equivalent) but calcite-hosted fluid inclusions in Stage III (post-ore stage) record lower homogenization temperatures and salinities (85–214 °C; 0.5–5.4 wt% NaCl equivalent). These data suggest a possible mixing between primary magmatic water and meteoric water. Based on chromatography data, the fluid inclusions in quartz contain abundant CO₂ and O₂ and subordinate CO, CH₄ and C₂H₂ + C₂H₄, suggesting an oxidizing environment. Based on their Na/K and Cl/SO₄ ratios, fluids contained in fluid inclusions are similar to volcanic spring waters. The low Na/K ratios (0.40–1.34) of the ore-forming fluids may have resulted from interaction with a deep alkaline intermediate-acid intrusion. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope determinations on quartz from different ore stages show low δ¹⁸O and δD values relative to VSMOW (−4.3‰ to 2.3‰; −109‰ to −91‰), indicating that the ore-forming fluids were diluted by external fluid sources as the skarn system cooled. Overall, geological and geochemical interpretations suggest that the Hetaoping deposit is a distal manganese skarn Pb–Zn deposit related to concealed intrusions.     

He–Ar isotope geochemistry of iron and gold deposits reveals heterogeneous lithospheric destruction in the North China Craton

The North China Craton (NCC) provides a classic example for extensive destruction of the cratonic lithosphere. The Mesozoic magmatism which contributed to the decratonization of the NCC was also accompanied by the formation of a variety of mineral deposits. In order to gain further insights into the cratonic destruction process, typical iron and gold deposits are investigated here. Helium–argon isotopic data on pyrite, from typical skarn iron deposits of the Beiminghe and Fushan in the Han-Xing district of the central NCC, and the Linglong and Canzhuang gold deposits in the Jiaodong district in the eastern NCC, are presented in this paper. The ³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/⁴He ratios show generally uniform patterns within the individual deposits and reveal a complex evolutionary history of the ore-forming fluids with varying degree of crust–mantle interaction. The ore-forming fluids associated with the gold mineralization at the Jiaodong mine have higher content of fluids of mantle origin with mantle helium ranging from 1.24% to 18.02% (average 6.73%; N = 18). In contrast, the ore-forming fluids related to the iron ore deposits contain less mantle contribution with mantle helium ranging from 0.12% to 4.96% (average 1.29%; N = 10). Our results suggest complex and heterogeneous crust–mantle processes associated with the magmatism and metallogeny, where the lithosphere of the eastern NCC was subjected to more extensive thinning and destruction as compared with that in the western part, consistent with the observations from geophysical studies in the region. Our study demonstrates that fluids associated with the Mesozoic metallogenic processes in the NCC provide useful insights into the geodynamics of destruction and refertilization of the cratonic lithosphere.     

Factors affecting levels of aerosol sulfate and nitrate on the Western Mediterranean coast

The present study was carried out between October 2003 and September 2004 at an urban background station near the Mediterranean coast in southeastern Spain. The sulfate and nitrate content was determined in 332 PM10 and PM2.5 daily samples. The results show that the seasonal variation of nitrate measured in PM10 does not correspond with what has been observed at other locations in the Iberian Peninsula, where the minima are reached during the summer months due to decomposition of ammonium nitrate at high temperatures. The recorded levels of PM10 nitrate were slightly higher in summer due to an increase in the concentrations of coarse mode nitrate. On the contrary, both the concentrations and the percentages of nitrate in PM2.5 were lowest from June to September. The sulfate levels in both PM10 and PM2.5 were maxima in summer because the oxidation rate of SO₂ increases with solar radiation. An elevated correlation (0.72 < r < 0.92) between the monthly average concentrations and percentages of sulfate and solar radiation has been found. We have also investigated the influence that Saharan dust intrusions and high pollution episodes have upon the sulfate and nitrate concentrations. Both types of events increased NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ levels, particularly the high pollution episodes.     

Petrogenetic character and provenance of metabasalts in the aspiring and Torlesse Terranes, South Island, New Zealand: Implications for the gold endowment of the Otago Schist?

We report quantitative X-ray diffraction, whole-rock geochemical and Sm–Nd isotope data for metabasalts from the Aspiring and Torlesse Terranes in the South Island of New Zealand. These rocks underlie the Mesozoic metasedimentary Otago Schist which is anomalously enriched in gold and host to at least one world-class orogenic gold deposit at Macraes (> 125 t Au). Geochemical and Nd isotopic similarities between the samples point to a common history of the two terranes rather than the amalgamation of one or two allochthonous plate fragments. Furthermore, geochemical and Nd data suggest the metabasalts within both terranes formed in an oceanic but essentially non-subduction-related setting. The origin of the Aspiring and Torlesse basalts can be linked to the formation of an oceanic plateau that had resulted from a (?Permian) mantle plume initiation event proximal to a mid-oceanic rise or triple junction. Given the intrinsically gold-enriched nature of certain oceanic-character mafic rocks, the anomalous gold endowment of the Otago Schist may have been enhanced via the accretion and subduction of a gold-enriched oceanic plateau fragment. The metabasalts are generally enriched in gold (up to 13 ppb) compared to their enclosing metasedimentary rocks (typically ca. 1 ppb), with sulphide-rich metabasaltic rocks having up to 550 ppb Au. However, the relatively small volume of metabasalts in the Otago Schist precludes these rocks as the principal source for Otago Schist orogenic gold, with a primarily metasedimentary source of the gold potentially having a limiting effect on the overall endowment of the Otago Schist. This approach, that employs petrogenetic fingerprinting of potentially fertile source rocks for the assessment of gold endowment, might prove useful in the conceptual exploration targeting of relatively immature and poorly exposed terrains.     

叶蜡石化蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质:以山西五台地区白云叶蜡石矿为例

热液蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质对深入理解矿物稳定性和成矿作用具有重要的意义。本文以华北克拉通中北部山西五台地区的白云叶蜡石矿为例,研究了蚀变过程中元素迁移特征和流体性质。该矿体围岩以绿片岩相酸性火山岩为主,岩性为绢云钠长石英片岩并夹有少量的绿泥钠长片岩。矿区内蚀变分带明显,可分为早期的黄铁绢英岩化(绢云母-石英-黄铁矿)和晚期叠加的叶蜡石化(叶蜡石-伊利石-高岭石-石英),而金矿化则主要发育于黄铁绢英岩化带内。Log fo2-pH相图模拟结果显示,早期黄铁绢云岩化蚀变热液具有弱酸性至偏中性(pH=5.24~5.87)和较低氧逸度(位于黄铁矿+黄铜矿稳定相区内)特征;而引起叶蜡石化蚀变的热液具有强酸性(pH=2.07~2.20)和高氧逸度(位于HM缓冲线以上)特征。质量平衡迁移分析结果显示,随着叶蜡石化蚀变作用的增强,叶蜡石矿石中的Al2O3行为较稳定,SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量相对于围岩绢云钠长石英片岩呈不同程度的迁入,而其余氧化物大量活化迁出。微量元素Nb、Ta、Th、U、Rb和Ga含量相对升高,Th/U比值略有升高;Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf明显亏损,Zr/Hf比值从34~41下降到17~22。稀土元素均发生一定程度的活化迁移,且轻稀土迁出程度更高。Y/Ho比值(28~32)高于球粒陨石的Y/Ho(26~28),表明Y-Ho在叶蜡石化蚀变过程中表现出不同的地球化学行为。Eu负异常明显增大,这可能与长石的分解关系密切。围岩绢云钠长石英片岩中金属元素含量较高且Au与As含量之间呈明显正相关性,但在叶蜡石矿石中大部分金属元素含量均低于检出限,说明金属元素在叶蜡石化蚀变作用过程中发生了强烈的活化迁移,这与岩相学上叶蜡石矿石中可见港湾状细粒赤铁矿而缺乏黄铁矿的特征吻合。本文研究结果表明叶蜡石化过程中,大量的所谓不活动元素(如P、Ti、Zr、Hf、Y和Ho等)发生了显著迁移并导致Zr/Hf和Y/Ho比值的解耦,并伴随着大量金属元素的迁出,说明叶蜡石化不利于金矿化的形成。