南海南部新生代控盆断裂特征及盆地群成因

南海南部新生代盆地自北向南有南薇西、北康、礼乐、曾母、南沙海槽、文莱-沙巴、西北巴拉望等多个中小型新生代沉积盆地。这些盆地总体具有南断北超的箕状结构,靠近北部陆坡部位具有单一地堑结构,但是靠近南部具有两层结构,下部为箕状断陷,上部为叠瓦式逆冲推覆体。根据盆地不同演化阶段性质的转换和主控盆断裂特征,可将这些盆地归纳为3种盆地群:裂陷盆地群(南薇西、北康、礼乐)、裂陷-拉分-前陆叠合盆地(曾母)以及裂陷-前陆盆地群(南沙海槽、文莱-沙巴、西北巴拉望)。这些盆地的形成与盆缘一级控盆断裂带和盆内次级断裂密切相关。根据断裂的性质,一级控盆断裂带可分为张性、剪性、压性3种,包括南沙海槽北缘张性断裂带,南海西缘、卢帕尔和廷贾-李准等走滑断裂带和南沙海槽南缘逆冲断裂带。南海南部渐新世南海运动、中中新世南沙运动等构造事件不同程度地影响了这些盆地,表现在盆地由裂陷或拉分盆地转换为海相前陆盆地,断裂带不同程度的反转或由正断层转变为逆断层或走滑断层。盆地群的成盆动力学机制不同阶段是变化的,早期可能受欧亚大陆东南缘陆缘裂解作用、古南海的南向俯冲拖曳,导致南海南部裂离华南大陆并形成南断北超的箕状断陷盆地;晚期(16 Ma以后)南海南部出现指向北的前展式、叠瓦式逆冲推覆,其动力来源于南部的澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块的碰撞,同时导致盆地性质转换和婆罗洲地块的逆时针旋转。     

中国奥陶纪三叶虫生物地理

三叶虫证据表明,除北疆区的阿尔泰地体和兴安区的额尔古纳-兴安地体与西伯利亚和劳伦陆块在动物群方面紧密关联外,中国奥陶纪的所有板块和大部分地体均系当时东泛冈瓦纳的重要组成部分,在生物地理上彼此密切相关。对这些属于东泛冈瓦纳的中国区块的台地或内陆棚三叶虫动物群的综合分析研究证明,它们在特马豆克期（Tremadocian）以及凯迪晚期-赫南特期（late Katian-Hirnantian）或阿石极期（Ashgill）应归属同一生物地理区,而在弗洛期-凯迪早期（Floian-early Katian）或阿仑尼克期-卡拉多克期（Arenig-Caradoc）则可划分为两个生物地理亚区：一个由华南、塔里木板块和安南或印支地体组成,另一个包括华北板块以及滇缅马、藏南、中天山-北山地体（可能还有海南地体）。饶有趣味的是在凯迪晚期或阿石极期开始发生的生物地理亚区解体之前,有关陆块的深水相三叶虫动物群已经历了从达瑞威尔中期（mid Darriwilian）至凯迪早期的长期频繁交流以及组成逐渐趋于齐一的过程。因此深水动物群之间的属种交流和一体化进程的发生、发展和完成显然均先于浅水一侧的三叶虫。     

Formation of the world's largest molybdenum metallogenic belt: a plate-tectonic perspective on the Qinling molybdenum deposits

Qinling ore belt is the largest known molybdenum belt in the world with a total reserve of >5 Mt of Mo metal. Based on the geochemical behaviour of Mo, the structural settings of the Qinling orogenic belt, and geological events in eastern China, we propose that tectonic settings are of critical importance to the formation of these ore deposits. Molybdenum is very rare in the earth with an abundance of ～0.8 ppm in the continental crust. Both surface- and magmatic-hydrothermal enrichment processes are required for Mo mineralization. It can be easily oxidized to form water-soluble MoO₄ ^– in the surface environment, especially in the Phanaerozoic, and then precipitated under anoxic conditions. Therefore, closed or semi-closed water bodies with large catchment areas and high chemical erosion rates are the most favourable locations for Mo-enriched sediments. The Qinling orogenic belt was located in the tropics during crustal collisions, such that the chemical erosion was presumably intense, whereas the Erlangping back-arc basin was probably a closed or semi-closed water body as a result of plate convergence. More than 90% of the Mo reserves so far discovered in the Qinling molybdenum belt are associated with the Palaeozoic Erlangping back-arc basin. Compiled Re–Os isotopic ages for porphyry deposits (including several carbonate vein deposits) that have been dated show peaks during 220 million years (>0.32 Mt), 145 million years (>?3.5 Mt), and 115 million years (>?0.84 Mt), which correlate well with the three major episodes of granitoid magmatism since the Triassic. The ～220 million year episode of mineralization, represented by the Huanglongpu carbonate vein-type deposit and the Wenquan porphyry deposit, coincided with the formation of the South Qinling syn-orogenic granites as well as the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, suggests a genetic relationship with the collision between South and North China Blocks. The ～145 Ma porphyry Mo deposits, representing the main mineralization, are attributed to reactivation by ridge subduction along the lower Yangtze River belt to the east of the Qinling orogen ～150–140 Ma. The ～115 Ma Mo deposits likely reflect slab rollback of the northwestwards subducting Pacific plate ～125–110 Ma.     

塔中地区礁滩储集体形成条件及分布规律

奥陶纪时期，塔中地区发育生物礁、丘和滩等不同类型的碳酸盐岩建隆生物礁丘发育层位主要集中在上奥陶统．塔中地区的礁滩相包括灰泥丘、中物礁、粒屑滩和地质异常体等4种类型，沉积古地理、构造作用、陆源碎屑物注入和海平面变化是控制生物礁发育的主要因素．塔中地区生物礁的分布环境主要有2个相带：一是台地内，尤其是半局限台地与开阔台地的转折处或台内缓坡上，如塘参1井、塔中23井上奥陶统的生物礁：另一个是台地边缘，如塔中45井-塔中44井-塔中24井-带为台缘外带，以发育中高能粒屑滩和骨架礁组合为特色，而大致在塔中35井-塔中12井-塔中15井-塔中161井-带为台缘内带，发育中低能粒屑滩、灰泥丘及障积礁组合．     

Roller-coaster atmospheric-terrestrial-oceanic-climatic system during Ordovician-Silurian transition: Consequences of large igneous provinces

The Ordovician-Silurian transition (OST) hosted profound and frequent changes in the atmospheric-terrestrial-oceanic-climatic system (ATOCS). Previous studies have found contrasting stages for such changes, primarily based on hiatus-interrupted sections. However, the dominant driving factors and mechanisms reconciling such frequent changes remain controversial. Mercury isotopes, which undergo both mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation, can provide critical insights into the deep-time ATOCSs, especially for those impacted by large igneous provinces (LIPs) events. Here, we build a high-resolution multi-proxy record of Hg (concentrations and isotopic compositions) combined with organic carbon isotopes (δ¹³C_org) and whole-rock geochemical data (including trace elements and phosphorus) from continuous cores in the Yangtze Platform, South China. Our data, combined with reported ones, indicate the occurrence of LIP eruptions against localized volcanism, and four successive, yet contrasting stages of ATOCSs during the OST. Moreover, we identified the coupling between two-pulse LIP magmatism and extreme ATOCSs, each with special pCO₂, weathering rate, primary productivity, redox condition, climatic mode, and biotic evolution. For stage I, the first pulse of LIP magmatism triggered global warming, enhanced terrestrial weathering, oceanic acidification, eutrophication, anoxia, P recycling, and thereby widespread deposition of black shales. During stage II, the Hirnantian glaciation and oxygenation arose from the intense chemical weathering and black shale deposition of stage I; slashed terrestrial weathering and oceanic oxygenation facilitated CO₂ accumulation. In stage III, another pulse of LIP magmatism triggered the de-glaciation, and the ATOCS was largely similar to that of stage I. This led to another round of oxygenation and positive δ¹³C_org excursion in stage IV. Compared with the environmental pressure by the peculiar ATOCS of each stage, their transitions might have been more devastating in triggering the prolonged Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME). Moreover, limited biotic recovery was possible in the later portion of stages I and III. The multi-proxy study of continuous strata of the OST provides an excellent framework for better illuminating LIPs’ essential role in driving the “roller-coaster” behavior of the ATOCS and thus biotic crisis during the pivotal period of the OST.     

基于湍流结构的风沙颗粒起动动态演化的概念模式

从驱动沙粒群起动的湍流结构入手,提出了基于气固两相流自调节机制的风沙颗粒起动的概念模式。受风沙边界层湍流相干结构的产生、消亡、湍流的随机脉动和运动沙粒群碰撞过程的动量损失等因素的控制和影响,风沙两相流始终处于不平衡—平衡—不平衡的动态演化之中,在此过程中,存在着普通的空气动力学起动、典型的冲击起动、湍流猝发起动等多种起动方式的循环交替的动态演化。上述多种的沙粒起动方式能够根据风沙边界层边壁区的湍流运动应力和沙粒群碰撞过程的动量损失来界定。该概念模式需要综合利用相位多普勒粒子动态分析测速技术、粒子图像测速技术和高速数字摄影技术等手段来进一步验证。该概念模式的提出,将为深入理解沙粒起动的力学机制提供新的思路。     

华北克拉通基底主要构造单元变质作用演化及其若干问题讨论

华北克拉通基底可分为三个太古宙微陆块(东部陆块、阴山陆块和鄂尔多斯陆块)和三个早元古宙活动带(孔兹岩带、华北中部带和胶-辽-吉带)。这些构造单元具有不同的变质作用时间和P-T 演化特征。东部陆块和阴山陆块晚太古宙基底岩系的变质作用发生在~2.5Ga,变质演化以等压冷却(IBC)逆时针P-T 轨迹为特征,反映变质作用的成因与大规模地幔岩浆底侵有关。孔兹岩带主期变质作用发生在~1.95Ga,变质演化以近等温减压(ITD)顺时针P-T 轨迹为特征,反映阴山陆块与鄂尔多斯陆块碰撞形成西部陆块的热构造过程。华北中部带变质作用发生在~1.85Ga,变质演化同样以近等温减压(ITD)顺时针P-T 轨迹为特征,反映了西部陆块和东部陆块最终碰撞形成统一的华北克拉通基底的构造过程。早元古宙胶-辽-吉带变质作用表现‘双变质带’特征: 西北带的北辽河群、老岭群和粉子山群的变质作用以中压顺时针P-T 轨迹为特征,而东南带的南辽河群、吉安群和荆山群的变质作用以低压逆时针P-T 演化为特征。华北克拉通基底变质作用演化地质图能更好地反映上述不同构造单元的变质作用演化特征。尽管岩浆弧、大陆裂谷和地幔柱模式都能解释东部陆块晚太古宙基底变质作用所具有的近等压冷却(IBC)逆时针P-T 演化特征,地幔柱模式能够更合理解释东部陆块所存在的宽达800 千米而时代近于相同的晚太古代火成岩带、大量科马提质超镁铁质岩石和双峰式火山岩、广泛发育的穹窿构造等。华北克拉通变质基底中具有石榴石-单斜辉石-斜长石-石英组合的高压基性麻粒岩和具有蓝晶石-钾长石组合的高压泥质麻粒岩的出露只局限在早元古宙华北中部带的北段和胶-辽-吉带的南端; 这些高压麻粒岩形成在俯冲和陆-陆碰撞的构造环境中。西部陆块孔兹岩带含假蓝宝石麻粒岩是碰撞后(~1.92Ga)拉伸引发地幔岩浆底侵导致局部地带发生超高温(UHT)变质作用的产物。     

塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区奥陶系鹰山组—恰尔巴克组地层划分对比研究

塔里木盆地奥陶系是重要的烃源岩和储集层,建立顺托果勒地区奥陶系鹰山组、一间房组及恰尔巴克组等时地层格架是开展地质研究和发现油气资源的基础.本文基于岩电特征,建立碳同位素对比标准,完善了奥陶系台地到斜坡相区牙形石化石带,确立顺托果勒地区奥陶系鹰山组-恰尔巴克组划分对比格架,并阐明鹰山组-恰尔巴克组特征及展布规律.研究表明...     

轮南奥陶系潜山表层岩溶储层的分布特征

轮南古潜山位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮南低凸起中部地区,主要岩溶层位是奥陶系鹰山组与一间房组,轮南古潜山的形成条件和表生岩溶作用时间与中国南方的桂林岩溶存在极其相似之处。本文通过研究轮南地区古风化壳表层岩溶带发育分布特征及其形成影响因素,认为:表层岩溶带主要分布于距古风化面以下0～40m范围内,此带范围内岩溶缝洞系统相对比较发育,岩溶缝洞系统具有一定连通性,属岩溶储层较为发育的部位,岩溶储层有效储集空间主要是溶蚀孔洞、小规模溶洞和溶蚀裂缝;表层岩溶带发育与古岩溶地貌及古水动力条件具有密切关系,岩溶地貌类型或水动力条件不同,表层岩溶带发育厚度、岩溶形态与岩溶缝洞系统发育规模、岩溶缝洞系统充填特征也不同。      

跨海桥梁船撞风险综合评估

近年来全世界范围内船撞桥事故时常发生,尤其是大型跨海桥梁,对其进行合理的船撞桥风险评估逐渐成为桥梁安全运营的重要保障之一。通过对近年国内外船撞桥案例调研分析,确定了影响事故的多重因素,建立包括4个二级风险评价指标和18个三级指标的层次化评价指标体系,并运用层次分析（AHP）法和熵权法,对各评价指标进行主客观综合赋权,明确各个风险因素对船舶撞击的重要性程度,基于模糊数学理论对船撞桥风险进行多层次综合评判。以浙江省舟山朱家尖跨海大桥为工程背景,结合该桥某年船舶通航统计数据,运用上述方法进行船撞桥风险评估,计算表明朱家尖跨海大桥平均风险评价值为4.22,属于可接受中风险水平,并提出了相应的风险控制对策及措施。