1000 years of climate variability in central Asia: assessing the evidence using Lake Baikal (Russia) diatom assemblages and the application of a diatom-inferred model of snow cover on the lake

The mainly endemic phytoplankton record of Lake Baikal has been used in this study to help interpret climate variability during the last 1000 years in central Asia. The diatom record was derived from a short core taken from the south basin and has been shown to be free from any sedimentary heterogeneities. We employ here a diatom-based inference model of snow accumulation on the frozen lake for the first time (r²_boot=0.709; RMSEP=0.120 log cm). However, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions have been improved by the use of correction factors, specifically developed for the dominant phytoplankton (Aulacoseira baicalensis, Aulacoseira skvortzowii, Cyclotella minuta, Stephanodiscus meyerii and Synedra acus) in the south basin of Lake Baikal. Cluster analysis identifies three significant zones in the core, zone 1 (c. 880 AD–c. 1180 AD), zone 2 (c. 1180–1840 AD) and zone 3 (c. 1840–1994 AD), coincident with the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the period of recent warming, respectively. Our results indicate that S. acus dominated the diatom phytoplankton within zone 1 coincident with the MWP. S. acus is an opportunistic species that is able to increase its net growth when A. baicalensis does not. During this period, conditions are likely to have been unfavourable for the net increases in A. baicalensis growth due to the persistence of warm water in the lake, together with an increased length of summer stratification and delay in timing of the autumnal overturn. In zone 2, spring diatom crops blooming under the ice declined in abundances due in part to increased winter severity and snow cover on the lake. Accumulating snow on the lake is likely to have arisen from increased anticyclonic activity, resulting in prolonged winters expressed during the LIA. Thick, accumulating snow cover inhibits light penetration through the ice, thereby having negative effects on cell division rate and extent of turbulence underneath the ice. Consequently, only taxa whose net growth occurs during autumn overturn (C. minuta) predominate in the lake at this time. Diatom census data and reconstructions of snow accumulation suggest that warming in the Lake Baikal region started as early as c. 1750 AD, with a shift from taxa that bloom during autumn overturn to assemblages that begin to grow underneath the frozen lake in spring. Very recent increases and subsequent decline of S. acus in the surface sediments of the lake mirror monitoring records of this species over the last 50 years. Our study confirms that, over the last 1000 years, physical processes are important in determining planktonic diatom populations in the lake and highlights the value of integrated plankton, trap, and sediment studies for improving quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from fossil material.     

菏泽地区奥陶系地热单井开采权益保护范围的研究

菏泽地区地处鲁西南黄泛平原,中低温地热资源丰富,具有良好的开发应用前景。目前菏泽地热的开发利用正处于起步阶段,地热资源的开发利用主要以奥陶纪热储层地热水为主。该文对奥陶系地热单井产能测试和开采权益保护范围进行了描述,对区内地热资源开发利用和地热资源规范管理起到一定的指导作用。     

Zircon U–Pb geochronology of granitic rocks of the Cordón de Lila and Sierra de Almeida ranges,northern Chile: 30 m.y. of Ordovician plutonism on the western border of Gondwana

In this paper we determined the chronology of Lower Paleozoic arc-related granitic rocks in the Cordón de Lila and Sierra de Almeida ranges, northern Chile, based on new U–Pb ages obtained by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on single zircons. Plutonism lasted ∼30 m.y., spanning from 490 to 460 Ma (Lower to Mid Ordovician). The obtained ages correspond to the plutonic units' crystallization ages and fit well with the observed contact relationships with their country rocks and mutual intrusion relationships, and also with biostratigraphical data from the sedimentary country rocks. Our geochronological results on the granitic rocks of Cordón de Lila and Sierra de Almeida ranges broadly agree with the known ages of the plutonic rocks in the Argentinian Puna, strengthening the idea that they formed part of the same magmatic arc in the western border of west Gondwana during the Early to Middle Ordovician.     

塔河油田四区奥陶系储层裂缝特征及其意义

塔河油田四区奥陶系以缝洞型油藏为主,裂缝是该区主要的油气疏导体系和储集空间。通过对20余口井的岩心、薄片观察,结合成像测井等各种分析化验资料,研究了裂缝的倾角、走向、长度、充填等特征参数,在此基础上,将裂缝划分为4个期次;采用岩心与露头相对比的方法研究了裂缝特征对岩溶的影响作用以及裂缝对储集性能的影响。     

Late Ordovician and Early Devonian conodonts from Onoo Tolgoi area of Mongolia

Conodont samples were collected from three localities in the Onoo Tolgoi area,Mongolia, and many conodonts have been found. Conodonts from the Onoo Tolgoi Formation (M288-M294) lack index fossils; its age could be Late Silurian. Samples from the Hutul us hudag Formation (M295-M299) contain Ozarkodina pandora alpha Morph. (P element), clearly indicating that this formation is Early Devonian late Lochkovian in age. Samples collected from so-called Silurian Onoo Tolgoi Formation at other localities(M300-M303) yield many Ordovician conodonts, including Icriodella baotaensis, Icriodella cf.baotaensis, Eoplacognathus jianyeensis, Eoplacognathus protoramosus; Baltoniodus alobatus; and ?Ambalodus triangularis; the age is Late Ordovician,more precisely, early-middle Late Ordovician.     

Reconstructing fluctuations of a shallow East African lake during the past 1800 yrs from sediment stratigraphy in a submerged crater basin

The sedimentology of an 8.22-m long core of late-Holocene deposits in the submerged Crescent Island Crater basin of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, is used to reconstruct decade-scale fluctuations in lake-surface elevation during the past 1800 yrs. Lake-depth inference for the past 1000 yrs is semi-quantitative, based on (1) relationships between lake level and bottom dynamics predicted by wave theory, and (2) historical validation of the effects of lake-level fluctuation and hydrologic closure on sediment composition in Crescent Island Crater and nearby Lake Oloidien. In these shallow fluctuating lakes, organic-carbon variation in a lithological sequence from clayey mud to algal gyttja is positively correlated with lake depth at the time of deposition, because the focusing of oxidized littoral sediments which dilute autochthonous organic matter before burial is reduced during highstands. The lake-level reconstruction for Lake Naivasha agrees with other adequately dated lake-level records from equatorial East Africa in its implication of dry climatic conditions during the Mediaeval Warm Period and generally wet conditions during the Little Ice Age. Crescent Island Crater survived widespread aridity in the early-19th century as a fresh weedy pond, while the main basin of Lake Naivasha and many other shallow East African lakes fell dry and truncated their sediment archive of Little Ice Age climatic variability.     

Ordovician magnetostratigraphy: Llanvirn-Caradoc limestones of the Baltic platform

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Palaeomagnetic sampling has been performed covering 43 stratigraphic levels within the Baltoscandian Ordovician carbonates. After removing a ubiquitous Permo-Carboniferous (287 ± 14 Ma) remagnetization between 200 and 500 C, a Llanvirn-Caradoc reversal stratigraphy is delineated by components with maximum unblocking temperatures up to 550-580 C. Three reversed (SE, down) and three normal (NW. up) antipodal polarity intervals have been recognized. A primary/early diagenetic remanence age is therefore inferred for the stratigraphically linked polarity chrons. Primary magnetizations are resident in detrital/biogenic or early diagenetically formed single- and pseudo-single domain magnetite phases and subordinate early diagenetic pigmentary haematite.
The recognition of a primary remanence within these well-dated Ordovician carbonates has the following important tectonic and magnetostratigraphic consequences.
(1) Accurate time-calibration of the Baltic APW path implies that rapid counterclockwise rotation took place in late Tremadoc and Llandeilo times. The Arenig-Llanvirn epochs are characterized by a 'still stand'. Baltica occupied intermediate to high Southerly latitudes during the early Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llanvirn). Systematic northward drift is recognized in post-Llanvirn times.
(2) A time-calibrated Ordovician reversal stratigraphy is proposed. Presently available data suggest the geomagnetic field was predominantly reversely polarized during Tremadoc and Arenig times. Two normal polarity zones of short duration are identified within mid-Llanvirn and mid-Llandeilo strata. Discontinuities within the succession may mask other short-period events. Late Llandeilo to mid-Caradoc times were then characterized by a normal polarity field.     

Palaeomagnetism of the ca. 440 Ma Cape St Mary's sills of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland: implications for Iapetus Ocean closure

We report on the palaeomagnetism of the gabbroic Cape St Mary's sills of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, which have previously yielded a 441±2  Ma U–Pb baddeleyite age (latest Ordovician or earliest Silurian). At 12 of 19 sites, stepwise alternating-field or thermal demagnetization isolated a stable characteristic remanence carried by magnetite. This remanence is shown to pre-date Early Devonian folding of the sills. Although a baked-contact test was inconclusive, the positive fold test and the low grade of metamorphism of the sills (prehnite–pumpellyite facies) make it likely that the characteristic remanence is primary. The tilt-corrected site-mean characteristic remanence has a declination of 343° and an inclination of −51° ( k =25, α ₉₅=9°), yielding a ∼440  Ma palaeopole at 10°N, 140°E ( dm =12°, dp =8°) for West (North American) Avalonia. The corresponding ∼440  Ma palaeolatitude for the Avalon Peninsula is 32°S±8°. The only other West Avalonian palaeolatitude determination from rocks that could be of similar age is from the Dunn Point volcanics of Nova Scotia; their more southerly palaeolatitude of 41°S±5° suggests that they are significantly older than 440  Ma, a possibility that we recommend testing with U–Pb dating. Although no ∼440  Ma palaeolatitude determinations are available for East Avalonia (parts of southern Britain and Ireland), interpolating between mid-Ordovician and mid-Silurian determinations gives an estimate of ∼25°S. This is consistent with our Cape St Mary's result and, if the Iapetus Ocean closed orthogonally, with a narrow (∼1000  km) Iapetus Ocean of approximately east–west orientation between Avalonia and Laurentia by 440  Ma.     

中世纪暖期南北半球气候变化特征与成因的模拟对比

利用通用地球系统模式CESM过去1500年气候模拟试验结果,对比分析中世纪暖期南、北半球气候变化特征及成因,对认识南、北半球暖期气候变化规律及其与外强迫变化的关系有重要科学意义。结果表明：中世纪暖期全球及南、北半球总体是变暖的,但仍存在峰谷变化,高纬地区增温幅度大于低纬地区,北半球中世纪暖期比南半球更为明显,其距平变幅也大于南半球。全球降水距平基本为正,南、北半球降水变幅基本相当,降水变化显著区域集中于低纬地区。太阳辐射是影响中世纪暖期全球及半球气温变化最显著的因素,火山活动对北半球气温变化也有较显著的影响。从全球尺度来看,降水由太阳辐射和火山活动共同影响,其中太阳辐射影响最为显著,但从半球尺度来看,火山活动是影响半球降水的重要因素。     

太白山最近1000年的孢粉记录与古气候重建尝试

秦岭太白山佛爷池最近1000年的孢粉记录及据此所重建古气候参数的时间序列,揭示了历史时期小冰期和中世纪温暖期的气候特征。小冰期的起止时间为1420-1920aAD。其1月与7月平均温度反映本区夏季风与冬季风的变化有很大的不一致性。小冰期开始时,冬季风突然增强,夏季风显示不稳定波动,并相对变弱,而降水一度增多。小冰期的结束是以冬季风逐渐减弱为先导,而夏季风呈突然增强势态,降水偏少。在中世纪温暖期中,1200-1340aAD发生快速气候波动,出现暖夏、冷冬等特征气候,成为历史上少见的灾害性气候时段。