变轴压加载煤体变形破坏及瓦斯渗流试验研究

为探究煤岩在变轴压加载下的变形破坏和瓦斯渗流演化规律,以原煤煤粉压制的煤体试件为研究对象,采用含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验系统,进行了5种不同轴压加载路径下的煤体三轴压缩及瓦斯渗流试验。研究结果表明,煤体变形可分为压密、稳定发展、非稳定破裂发展和破裂后4个阶段;压密阶段试件的应变变化速率主要与张开性结构面和裂隙有关,与轴压加载区间无关,稳定发展阶段虽然轴压加载速率不同,但在相同的轴压加载区间,轴向应变变化速率基本相同;变轴压加载前期煤体渗透率与轴压的加载速率呈负相关变化,中后期渗透率变化速率与轴压加载速率相关性不大。研究结论对指导冲击地压以及煤与瓦斯突出的监测预警有着重要意义。     

红黏土工程性状的干湿循环效应试验研究

为研究湿热多雨气候条件诱发的干湿循环过程对红黏土长期性能的影响规律,对制样过程中干湿循环含水率变化幅度控制技术进行改进,制备不同干湿循环次数以及含水率变化幅度试样。利用固结排水三轴剪切与压缩试验,研究了干湿循环次数与干湿循环含水率变化幅度对压实红黏土工程性状的影响规律。结果表明,压实红黏土的黏聚力 与内摩擦角 均随干湿循环次数 的增加而衰减,首次干湿循环之后衰减效应最显著,其后较弱并趋于稳定, 的衰减程度小于c,且在低围压下的抗剪强度随干湿循环衰减更加显著;压缩模量E1-2随N的总体衰减规律与强度参数类似,但衰减幅度小于c而大于 ;随着干湿循环含水率变化幅度增大,压实红黏土c与E1-2略有减小, 基本不变,压实红黏土含水率在 4%变化范围内,具有相对稳定的力学特性。该研究表明,红黏土不宜直接用于填筑路床与边坡表层的填料,可以作为上下路堤堤心的填料,但必须采取防排水工程措施与边坡防护措施。     

等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形特性研究

动三轴试验中,若在一定轴向静偏应力基础上施加对称正弦波荷载,土体会在荷载正半部分出现轴向压缩状态,而在荷载负半部分有可能因为侧向应力大于轴向应力而出现轴向等效拉伸状态,将此类荷载暂称为等效拉压荷载。为研究等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形,设计了多级正弦波荷载室内不排水动三轴试验。依据试验数据揭示了围压、静偏应力、动偏应力和压实系数对土体弹塑性变形发展的影响,并提出用拉压效应系数来确定轴向塑性累积应变的发展趋势。研究表明:若取轴向压缩方向为正方向,拉压效应系数存在一临界值,当实际值大于临界值时,塑性累积应变向负方向发展,反之则向正方向发展或基本保持不变;同时Hardin模型可以较好地描述饱和粉质黏土的动弹模-动应变关系,且塑性累积应变向负方向发展时动弹模量普遍偏小。     

面向数据传输的地理栅格数据快速压缩方法

随着对地观测技术的高速发展,高分辨率地理栅格数据已被广泛应用于地貌、环境、水文等领域,传输与存储海量数据亟需通过数据压缩来解决有限信道容量的制约。本文分析了地理栅格数据特征,并基于数据保真性和压缩即时性原则,提出了融合转换压缩和编码压缩的地理栅格数据两阶段压缩方法,并从精度和效率2个视角构建了两阶段压缩方法的评价方法。利用不同大小的规则格网DEM数据,在集群系统上对两阶段压缩方法的数据保真性和压缩性能进行了测试。实验结果表明,本文构建的两阶段压缩方法在数值和地表形态上均有较好的精度,数据保真性高。同时,其压缩率一般在50%以上,解/压速率达到实时层次,能够显著地减少数据传输时间消耗,提高网络传输效率。两阶段压缩方法具有较好的普适性,可为高性能地学并行计算等领域提供技术支撑。     

Waveform Effect on Fatigue Properties of Intact Sandstone in Uniaxial Cyclical Loading

Summary. The effect of loading waveform and amplitude on the fatigue behaviour of intact sandstone was investigated using uniaxial cyclic loading conditions in the laboratory. In the first set of experiments sinusoidal, ramp and square waveforms were used at loading frequency of 5Hz and peak amplitude of 0.05mm. In another set of experiments, tests were conducted at a range of amplitudes varying from 0.05 to 0.3mm at 5Hz frequency using sinusoidal and ramp waveforms. It was found that loading waveform as well as amplitude is of great significance and affects the rock behaviour. It was found that fatigue behaviour is a function of the cyclic energy of the load and the shape of the waveform. Damage accumulated most rapidly under square waveforms with a high energy requirement. A ramp waveform was the least damaging of those considered. The loading waveforms strongly influenced the damage accumulation under cyclic loading conditions. Finally, it is concluded that machine behaviour in terms of amplitude affected the rock behaviour. This study has practical significance to the behaviour of rock and rock masses within the excavation systems subjected to cyclic loading.     

疏松砾岩砾石中的张裂缝系

在加里福尼亚的萨尔顿地堑区和以色列阿拉瓦裂谷的较新地层中，具杂基支撑结构，胶结疏松的砾岩中的砾石内普遍发育规则的张裂缝系。张裂缝倾角大都很陡，彼此近于平行，且只在砾石内部发育，不切穿基质．张裂缝系的走向在区域上与当地的水平压应力方向吻合良好，是构造压应力下的产物，可作为构造应力的标志，它对我国西北新生代勘探程度较低的地区可起判别构造压应力方向的作用。     

考虑轴压比影响的预应力混凝土扁梁框架内节点抗震性能试验研究

通过3个不同轴压比的预应力混凝土扁梁框架内节点试件的低周反复荷载加载试验,对节点的破坏形态、滞回曲线、延性、耗能能力以及刚度退化等抗震性能进行了初步研究,并着重探讨了轴压比对预应力混凝土扁梁框架内节点抗震性能的影响规律.     

Effect of Compressive Load on Oblique Pull-out Capacity of Model Piles in Sand

Model tests on steel piles embedded in sand were carried out in the laboratory to study the effects of compressive load (i.e. 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of their ultimate capacity in compression) on oblique pull-out capacity of piles. The model piles were of 20 mm × 20 mm cross section, which had an embedded length of 400 and 600 mm. The pull was applied at an inclination of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° with vertical axis of the piles. The experimental results indicate that the net oblique pull-out capacity of piles decreases with increase in % of compressive load and the decrease depends on the magnitude of the compressive load. Semi-empirical methods, based on experimental results, have been suggested to determine the oblique pull-out resistance of piles subjected to static compressive loads. A comparison of predicted values of the ultimate oblique resistance by proposed methods of analysis with experimental values, and also with those reported by others, showed reasonably good agreement.     

Compression and consolidation anisotropy of some soft soils

The compression and consolidation anisotropy of 11 soft soils were studied by conducting oedometer tests on sets of duplicate undisturbed specimens prepared in the vertical and horizontal directions from adjacent sections of carefully sampled borehole cores. The one-dimensional compression, yield and creep characteristics of the various silts, clays and amorphous peaty material tested were similar for the vertical and horizontal directions. The exception was the structured, coarse fibrous peaty material which was strongly cross-anisotropic. Drainage occurred more rapidly in the horizontal direction with horizontal-to-vertical permeability ratios r _k of 1.0–1.7. Higher r _k values were associated with more marked fabrics, namely for clays with fine sand partings, fibrous organic inclusions or fine root-holes and the laminated silts. The r _k value was for practical purposes independent of the stress level. Brendan C. O’Kelly: Formerly Scott Wilson Consulting Engineers, UK     

含水对富铁橄榄石流变性的影响

橄榄石是下地壳上地幔最丰富的造岩矿物,橄榄石集合体的高温高压流变性对地幔动力学过程有着很大的影响。以往对橄榄石单晶和集合体进行过的流变性实验研究,涉及了温度、压力、氧逸度、含铁量以及含水等因素的影响,本文研究了含水对富铁橄榄石集合体流变性能的影响,首先,利用高精度 Paterson 气体介质变形装置对含水富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg_(0.9),Fe_(0.1))_2SiO_4、(Mg_(0.7),Fe_(0.3))_2SiO_4和(Mg_(0.5),Fe_(0.5))_2SiO_4进行了高温三轴压缩蠕变试验,变形试验条件为:温度1323～1473K,围压300MPa,差应力10～300MPa,应变率10~(-7)～10~(-4)s~(-1),每个试件的最大变形量为20%。利用三维非线性拟合方法对蠕变试验数据进行分析,结果表明,含水富铁橄榄石集合体的微观变形机制为扩散域和位错域,对三种铁含量,扩散域的应力指数为1。位错蠕变域中,Fo_(50)应力指教为3.8,活化能为444kJ/mol;Fo_(70)应力指数为3.7,活化能为479kJ/mol,Fo_(90)应力指数为3.6,活化能为514kJ/mol。将实验结果与不含水富铁橄榄石集合体的强度进行对比,发现含水使富铁橄榄石的强度明显下降,舍铁量相同时,含水橄榄石集合体的流变强度比干燥时小至少一个数量级。从而得到了含水对含铁量不同的橄榄石集合体粘性(强度)影响的初步试验结果。