Depths of the Sea of Okhotsk sedimentary basin in the Cenozoic

The biofacies analysis of benthic foraminifers in sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk paleobasin revealed the presence of typical abyssal species in their Oligocene-Miocene assemblages that are missing in the Pliocene and Pleistocene section. The development of the abyssal fauna in the Sea of Okhotsk was determined by its relatively large depths (>2000 m) and intense water exchange with the Pacific Ocean. The Sakhalin folding phase at the Neogene-Quaternary transition resulted in the uplifting of the Japan-Kurile cordillera and separation of deep basins of the Japan and Okhotsk seas from the ocean, which was responsible for the formation of unfavorable conditions for migration and existence of the Pacific abyssal fauna. The taxonomic similarity and general tendencies in the development of the Neogene benthic foraminifers common for the Japan and Okhotsk seas imply the lack of narrow and shallow thresholds between these basins similar to the present-day Nevel’skoi, La Pérouse, and Sangar straits. Such bottom topography stimulated the intense northward water flow, which determined the similarity between the benthic foraminiferal assemblages of the Japanese and Okhotsk paleobasins.     

A COMPARISON OF HYDROLOGY AND VEGETATION BETWEEN A CHANNELIZED STREAM AND A NONCHANNELIZED STREAM IN WESTERN TENNESSEE

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on floodplain forest structure, composition, and function that would be needed to predict and monitor the consequences of a proposed stream restoration project. This project would involve the “dechannelization” of Stokes Creek, a stream in western Tennessee that was channelized and leveed in the first half of the 1900s. To this end, we collected data on surface hydrology, soil redox potential (Eh), and the structure and composition of the floodplain vegetation of Stokes Creek. To place our findings into a regional context, we also collected comparable vegetation data from plots located along a nonchannelized stream reach of the Wolf River near Moscow, Tennessee. While hydrologic fluctuations of floodplain sites were synchronous with river dynamics for the Wolf River, the hydrology of floodplain sites at Stokes Creek was constrained by the influence of beaver dams, backflooding, and ponding of overland flow behind levees. Consequently, composition of the forest overstory, understory, and herbaceous strata was significantly different between the two sites. For example, Stokes Creek had a noticeable lack of cypress and tupelo sites, and a greater abundance of red maple. Analyses of size-class structure and woody debris quantity reinforced the existing differences between the more natural and human-impacted systems. While the current hydrology apparently has a negative affect on bottomland hardwoods, scattered regeneration stems and soil redox measurements indicate that a dechannelization effort that yielded lower water tables in the Stokes Creek floodplain potentially could increase bottomland hardwood establishment. [Key words: channelization, western Tennessee, bottomland hardwoods, hydrology.]     

GNSS在线数据处理系统在工程控制网中的应用与分析

介绍目前几个主要的GNSS在线数据处理系统,着重利用其中5个GNSS在线数据处理系统对某工程控制网的观测数据进行多个方案的处理;对处理结果进行对比分析,检验其内符合精度;再利用框架和历元转换理论和方法,将多个系统处理获得的不同ITRF框架下2011即时历元的观测点坐标转换归算到CGCS2000坐标下进行对比,结果表明:GNSS在线数据处理系统完全能够满足工程控制网的数据处理、精度要求以及成果提交等需求。     

一种改进的GPS短基线直接解算方法

本文通过推导基线偏差与波长之间的数学关系,在DC算法的基础之上,考虑双频相位双差数学模型本身存在的相等关系,并结合宽巷模糊度组合,提出一种求解整周模糊度的改进直接计算法。在求取模糊度之后,分别采用单历元最小二乘和序贯平差两种解算方案求解基线,以基线长约6.3km、9.1km的两组数据为实例进行求解,并与TGO软件求取的基线向量作比较,试验结果表明了本文方法的正确性和可靠性。     

中国东北第四纪冰川研究新进展：遗迹厘定、新发现与冰期模式

东北是否发育第四纪冰川及其范围、性质与冰期问题,始终没有定论。在对长白山及大兴安岭冰川遗迹厘定基础上,进行了专项调查,并采用地理信息系统（GIS）、遥感（RS）及全球定位系统（GPS）的3S技术,采取钻探测图、孢粉、泥砾粒度与渗透性分析及14C定年等方法,在长白山及大兴安岭发现了冰蚀谷及泥砾堆积等新的冰川遗迹,进一步肯定了两座山地第四纪冰川的存在及其多期性。在小兴安岭首次发现冰蚀岩墙等冰川遗迹,填补了研究空白,证明小兴安岭也曾发育第四纪冰川。综合多种信息,确定长白山与大兴安岭分别有4次冰期和3次间冰期,小兴安岭至少有1次冰期。最后构建了可以与国际对比的冰期序列,重建了区域第四纪冰川环境演化模式：早更新世早期冷干,中晚期偏暖湿;中更新世早期冷湿,中晚期暖湿;晚更新世早期冷稍湿,中期暖湿,晚期冷干。     

渤海湾西岸全新世地层的分段与划组

本文以岩性地层、气候地层(CaCO3含量、古温度和Rb/Sr比值等)、年代地层、沉积化学地层和生物组合地层等资料为基础,根据地层规范以及建组要求将渤海湾西岸全新世地层划分为3个组:独流镇组( Qh3 dl)、大黄洼组(Qh2dh)和西翟庄组(Qh1xz).其地层埋深界线及测年界线分别为:晚全新世独流镇组(Qh3dl)与...     

Coal resource potential of Afghanistan

abstract

Coal exploration in Afghanistan has focused exclusively on expanding the boundaries of the known Jurassic coal deposits. The systematic stratigraphic and sedimentologic studies needed to locate and characterize new prospects in other parts of the country have never been conducted. Exploration strategies are based on received wisdom formulated before tectonic theory developed, and do not incorporate current understanding of the geologic and environmental processes responsible for peat formation and burial. This analysis reassesses existing data and limited new field reconnaissance data using modern tectonic and coal geology concepts to provide a new understanding of Afghanistan’s true coal potential. Afghanistan assembled during the Phanerozoic from a minimum of 11 microcontinental fragments, 5 arc systems, 3 accretionary wedges, and 2 rift systems. An unknown number of additional Precambrian terranes with separate tectonic histories are exposed in the cores of the Phanerozoic microcontinents. All of the Phanerozoic microcontinents separated from the disintegrating Gondwanaland. Each transited equatorial latitudes prior to accreting to Asia. From a purely theoretical standpoint, peat could have accumulated on every fragment during its equatorial transit. Mississippian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Oligocene, and Pliocene coals and carbonaceous shales are known. Triassic, Jurassic, and Pliocene deposits have been mined, but only the economically important Jurassic outcrops have been studied to any detail. Graphite-rich Precambrian strata are common from the Mesoarchean to the Neoproterozoic, and a Neoproterozoic bone coal was encountered while drilling for copper near Kabul. Jurassic and potentially Triassic and Carboniferous coals may underlie a significant percentage of the North Afghan Platform. Jurassic coals are extremely gassy and are known hydrocarbon source rocks across most of Central Asia. In Afghanistan, where these coal systems are closer to the surface, they could be coalbed methane reservoir rocks.     

中国庐山晚第四纪沉积岩系的石英形貌显微结构及环境过程

基于庐山山地晚第四纪地层典型断面的系统调查,从地层剖面层序中筛选的微粒(θ=1～3mm)石英颗粒进行环境电子显微镜观测研究,辨认出显微结构-颗粒形态-变形构造-动力化学作用等特征,运用系统过程发展中的节点事件进行层型剖面的环境响应分析,采取综合指标表征地球表层过程及环境响应情景,明确划分出四个古气候环境发展阶段,由下往上分别表现为冰期环境-间冰期环境-冰缘环境-冰后期环境,为深入研究及科学认识庐山第四纪环境演化过程及全球变化提供了新的基础依据。     

Mesozoic and early Cenozoic tectonic convergence-to-rifting transition prior to opening of the South China Sea

We have investigated Mesozoic geological problems around the South China Sea (SCS) based on gravimetric, magnetic, seismic, and lithofacies data. Three-dimensional analytical signal amplitudes (ASA) of magnetic anomalies clearly define the inland tectonic boundaries and the residual Mesozoic basins offshore. The ASA suggest that the degree of magmatism and/or the average magnetic susceptibility of igneous rocks increase southeastwards and that late-stage A-type igneous rocks present along the coast of southeast China possess the highest effective susceptibility. The geophysical data define Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic structures and reveal four major unconformities [Pz/T–J, T–J/J, J/K, and Mesozoic/Cenozoic (Pz, Palaeozic; T, Triassic; J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous)], corresponding to regional tectonic events revealed by nine palaeogeographic time slices based on prior geological surveys and our new fieldwork. Showing both sedimentary and volcanic facies and regional faults, our palaeogeographic maps confirm an early Mesozoic northwestward-migrating orogeny that gradually obliterated the Tethyan regime, and a middle-to-late Mesozoic southeastward migration and younging in synchronized extension, faulting, and magmatism. Three major phases of marine deposition developed but were subsequently terminated by tectonic compression, uplift, erosion, faulting, rifting, and/or magmatism. The tectonic transition from the Tethyan to Pacific regimes was completed by the end of the Middle Triassic (ca. 220 Ma), reflecting widespread Mesozoic orogeny. The transition from an active to a passive continental margin occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma); this was accompanied by significant changes in sedimentary environments, due likely to an eastward retreat of the palaeo-Pacific subduction zone and/or to the collision of the West Philippine block with Eurasia. The overall Mesozoic evolution of southeast China comprised almost an entire cycle of orogenic build-up, peneplanation, and later extension, all under the influence of the subducting palaeo-Pacific plate. Continental margin extension and rifting continued into the early Cenozoic, eventually triggering the Oligocene opening of the SCS.     

Oligocene–Miocene geodynamic evolution of the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Arc of Iran

Basic volcanic rocks from Tafresh, west Kashan, and west Nain volcanic successions in the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) of Iran yield K–Ar ages ranging from 26.8 to 18.2 Ma. These ages indicate significant Late Oligocene–Early Miocene basic volcanism in the UDMA. These ages, combined with K–Ar ages of 26.0 and 14.1 Ma, respectively, for associated low-silica and high-silica adakites, help constrain reconstructions of the UDMA geodynamic evolution. Late Oligocene–Early Miocene slab roll-back associated with an asthenospheric mantle influx are suggested as the major processes responsible for concurrent volcanism showing Nb–Ta-depleted, Nb–Ta-enriched and low-silica adakite signatures. Slab roll-back, the likely consequence of a decrease in subduction velocity, led to partial melting of the subducted slab and produced Early–Middle Miocene high-silica (dacitic) adakites. Oligocene to Miocene volcanic rocks do not conform to the Oligocene continental collisional model for the UDMA, rather they suggest a decrease in the subduction rate that prompted the asthenospheric mantle influx.