惠安南埔湾海水养殖区一次油污染的监测

对福建炼油厂１９９３年２月１２日溢油事故的监测结果表明，惠安县南埔湾的天竺，张俱，仑头一带养殖区域已受到溢油的严重污染。湾内养殖的主要经济贝类活体的油含量大大高于长江口以南沿岸海域同种类的生物样，其中养殖区域的牡蛎，缢蛏，花蛤活体内油含量分为（２３８－２２７０）×１０×－×６（ｍ／ｍ），２８４０×１０＾－＾６（ｍ／ｍ），（２７６－２９４）×１０＾－＾６（ｍ／ｍ），平均死亡率高达７０％以上，残活生物     

Reconstruction of the diagenesis of the fluvial-lacustrinedeltaic sandstones and its influence on the reservoir quality evolution

The reservoir quality of Jurassic and Triassic fluvial and lacustrine-deltaic sandstones of the Yanchang Oil Field in the Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by the burial history and facies-related diagenetic events. The fluvial sandstones have a higher average porosity (14.8%) and a higher permeability (12.7 × 10⁻³ μm²) than those of the deltaic sandstones (9.8% and 5.8 ×10⁻³) μm², respectively). The burial compaction, which resulted in 15% and 20% porosity loss for Jurassic and Triassic sandstones, respectively, is the main factor causing the loss of porosity both for the Jurassic and Triassic sandstones. Among the cements, carbonate is the main one that reduced the reservoir quality of the sandstones. The organic acidic fluid derived from organic matter in the source rocks, the inorganic fluid from rock-water reaction during the late diagenesis, and meteoric waters during the epidiagenesis resulted in the formation of dissolution porosity, which is the main reason for the enhancement of reservoir-quality.     

Numerical modelling of boom and oil spill with SPH

The protection of coastal areas against oil pollution is often addressed with the use of floating booms. These bodies are subject to an empirical design always based on physical models. Indeed, the numerical modelling of a two-phase flow (oil and water) with complicated free surface in the vicinity of a floating body is a challenging issue. The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Lagrangian numerical method is appropriate to such simulations since it allows the modelling of complex motions and fluid–structure interactions. In this paper we first study the mechanism of oil leakage by entrainment due to combined turbulent production and buoyancy. Then, we present the main features of the SPH method in a turbulent formalism and apply this model to predict the motion of a boom and an oil spill in an open-channel and a wave flume, for three types of oil (heavy, light and emulsion). Numerical results are compared to experiments and used to depict criteria for oil leakage. It appears that oil leakage by entrainment occurs when the surface water velocity upstream the boom exceeds a critical value which was estimated around 0.5 m/s for a light oil under steady current. A more accurate criterion is derived from theoretical considerations and successfully compared to numerical experiments. In the case of wave flume, no validation from experiments could be made. However, it appears that leakage occurs from a critical wave height between 0.5 and 1.0 m, for the tested wave period of 4 s. A more extended panel of numerical tests would allow a better knowledge of the involved mechanisms and critical parameters. An extensive use of this model should extend our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of oil leakage under a boom and allow a better and easier design of booms in the near future.     

黔中隆起及南北斜坡区至省界油气构造盆地的重磁法推断

抓住地质物探两大线索,根据已知的贵州赤水、秧坝、虎庄等地油气气田上,地质构造和重磁异常表现的特征为依据,圈定了北东向分布的"黔中隆起"构造带及周边地区的17处构造盆地,可能是寻找油气或"三气"(天然气、煤层气、页岩气)资源的勘查靶区,又划分了区内北东向隐伏深大断裂带7条,其对构造盆地分布可能有一定的控制作用和积极影响。     

Application of entropy analysis of in situ droplet-size spectra in evaluation of oil chemical dispersion efficacy

In situ droplet-size distributions were measured using a laser in situ scattering and transmissiometry (LISST-100X) particle size analyzer during the evaluation of natural and chemical dispersion efficiency of crude oils under different wave and current conditions. An entropy grouping of the in situ dispersed oil droplet-size spectra has classified the multi-modal droplet-size distributions into different groups based on similar droplet-size spectra characteristics within groups and distinction between groups. A generalized linear logistic regression model was fitted to analyze the effects of a number of factors and their interactions on the grouping of oil droplet-size spectra. The grouped results corresponded to the oil dispersion efficiency at different levels. This new method for droplet-size distribution data analysis can have significant implication in field evaluation of natural and chemical dispersion efficiency of oil.     

岩溶洞穴型油藏描述中的几种方法——以塔北轮古西油田为例

以塔里木盆地北部轮古西奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶洞穴型油藏为例,针对几个制约油田高效开发的重要问题,采用了相应的油藏描述技术对策:(1)在分析岩溶成因的基础上,对三维地震数据进行岩溶洞穴分层解释,描述不同洞穴层发育特征;(2)采用岩溶沟谷趋势面法确定油水界面,指导避水开发;(3)通过岩石物理分析,确定了用于识别泥质充填洞穴的泥质指示因子,然后运用地震反演技术,筛选出未被泥质充填的有效储层。通过这三项技术方法的实施,弄清了四层洞穴储层的分布特征以及它们与供油的关系;厘清了油水在洞穴储层中的赋存特征;发现岩溶斜坡的充填程度高于岩溶台地;最后评价出三类残丘含油单元。三项技术对策在岩溶洞穴型油藏描述方面具有较强适用性,可为相同类型油藏的高效开发提供技术借鉴。     

首都圈上地壳高精度三维P波速度模型——基于石油地震叠加速度和人工地震测深剖面

本文收集了首都圈地区40个测点的石油地震叠加速度资料,经常规处理后得到各测点下方速度随深度变化的曲线;对9条人工地震测深剖面的解释结果进行数字化处理获得各剖面下方离散的速度数据;应用上述资料和专业地质建模软件构建了首都圈地区(115.50°E—117.60°E,38.40°N—40.75°N)范围内上地壳高精度三维P波速度模型.结果表明:华北盆地为隆坳相间区,从东至西依次是黄骅坳陷、沧县隆起和冀中坳陷,上地壳速度结构十分复杂;结晶基底的埋深变化剧烈,冀中坳陷下最深处可达10 km,沿构造走向整体呈西南深、东北浅的趋势,沧县隆起下埋深约2～4 km,黄骅坳陷下最深处则达9 km,剧烈的基底起伏反映出盆地内部不同次级构造单元的差异沉降和中、新生代以来强烈的拉张构造运动.太行山、燕山隆起下的基底埋深较盆地区浅,体现出隆起区新生代以来的抬升构造运动.本文首次将石油地震叠加速度资料用于首都圈地壳速度模型的构建,与以往用人工地震测深资料得到的模型相比,本文结果对华北盆地复杂的上地壳结构刻画得更为细致.     

Mineralogy and organic petrology of oil shales in the Sangkarewang Formation, Ombilin Basin, West Sumatra, Indonesia

The Ombilin Basin is filled by late Eocene to early Oligocene marginal fan deposits (Brani Formation) and lacustrine shales (Sangkarewang Formation), unconformably overlain by a late Oligocene to early Miocene fluvial sequence (Sawahlunto and Sawahtambang Formations) and capped by an early to mid-Miocene marine sequence (Ombilin Formation). Significant oil shale deposits occur in the Sangkarewang Formation, intercalated with thin laminated greenish-grey calcareous sandstones. X-ray diffraction shows that the sediments consist mainly of quartz, feldspar, carbonates and a range of clay minerals, together in some cases with minor proportions of sulphides, evaporites and zeolites. Feldspar and non-kaolinite clay minerals decrease up the sequence, relative to kaolinite, suggesting a changing sediment source as the basin was filled. Calcite, thought to be mainly of authigenic origin, is also more abundant in the middle and upper parts of the sequence.The organic matter in the oil shales of the sequence is dominated by liptinite macerals, particularly alginite (mainly lamalginite) and sporinite. Cutinite also occurs in some samples, along with resinite and traces of bituminite. The dominance of lamalginite in the liptinite components suggests that the material can be described as a lamosite. Samples from the Sangkarewang Formation have vitrinite reflectance values ranging between 0.37% and 0.55%. These are markedly lower than the vitrinite reflectance for coal from the overlying Sawahlunto Formation (0.68%), possibly due to suppression associated with the abundant liptinite in the oil shales.Fischer assay data on outcrop samples indicate that the oil yield is related to the organic carbon content. Correlations with XRD data show that, with one exception, the oil yield and organic carbon can also be correlated directly to the abundance of carbonate (calcite) and inversely to the abundance of quartz plus feldspar. This suggests that the abundance of algal material in the lake sediments was preferentially associated with carbonate deposition. High yields of oil are noted in some samples, as a percentage of the organic carbon content. This may indicate that partial generation of hydrocarbons from the material has already taken place, in association with thermal maturation of the Sangkarewang succession.     

混合润湿孔隙介质中油自吸实验研究

混合润湿孔隙介质普遍存在, 使得多相流体渗流过程十分复杂, 但对其研究和认识至今仍很肤浅, 是油气运移成藏、剩余油气分布等方面研究中必须解决的关键难题。本文通过对饱和水的混合润湿模型进行油自吸实验, 观察不同混合润湿程度条件下油自吸运移过程, 分析认识混合润湿孔隙介质中多相渗流的机理。实验结果表明, 在混合润湿孔隙介质中油是否能够自发地运移与介质中亲油颗粒的比例关系密切, 但并非简单的单调变化关系。研究认为, 亲油颗粒与亲水颗粒随机分布, 导致多种与喉道配位颗粒的亲油-亲水关系, 当亲油颗粒比例占优才表现为亲油喉道。机理上, 混合润湿孔隙介质中油自吸运移的发生与否及程度取决于亲油喉道在空间上的连通程度, 后者与孔隙介质中亲油颗粒比例相当。仅有当孔隙介质中亲油颗粒足够多, 且组成的亲油喉道能够相互接触形成连续亲油通道时, 油才能够通过自吸运移进入多孔介质。     

胶莱盆地重磁资料解释与构造特征分析

胶莱盆地位于郯庐断裂带东侧，是典型的拉张盆地，内部划分为诸城凹陷、柴沟地垒、高密凹陷、大野头凸起、莱阳凹陷、牟平──即墨断裂带、海阳凹陷。运用重力资料一级近似解法，定量计算了胶莱盆地基底埋深，结合磁异常解释等，本文重点讨论了盆地内主要断裂的形成时期，切割深度及空间演化。并进一步将诸城凹陷细分为胶县洼陷、集王疃洼陷、平度洼陷、马山构造带、刘家庄构造带、李党家构造带。讨论总结了该盆地构造特征及其发育规律，为该区油气勘探提供了新的认识与依据。