储油区泄漏电学实时监测系统设计与应用效果分析

储油区泄漏会导致油进入土壤,改变土壤结构,影响植物和微生物生存,甚至通过食物链富集,危害人体健康,因此必须采取有效方法对储油区进行实时监测.本文基于电学方法设计了一种储油区泄漏实时监测系统,该系统通过监测储油区周围介质的电阻率变化,进而反演得到储油区的泄漏情况.通过物理模拟试验分别探讨了当储油区下方以及侧壁存在泄漏点时所设计监测系统的应用效果.试验结果表明,当储油区底部初次泄漏时,泄漏区在监测结果中表现为高电阻率比(即采集时刻电阻率与背景电阻率之比)区域,泄漏区下部形成低电阻率比的汇水区;而二次泄漏时,二次泄漏区在背景泄漏区中首先表现为低电阻率比区域,随泄漏量的增加,二次泄漏区范围不断扩大且电阻率比逐渐升高,其电阻率值高于背景泄漏区电阻率值;当储油区侧壁泄漏时,较小的泄漏量会使泄漏区表现为低电阻率比区域.研究证明本文所设计的监测系统对于储油区泄漏具有较好的识别能力,能够实时监测泄漏区范围并且定性评价泄漏区内含油量变化,在储油区发生泄漏时及时预警,使运营方能够及时采取补救措施,降低修复治理成本.     

依兰盆地达连河油页岩成矿控制因素研究

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。油页岩形成受到多重因素制约,构造上在靠近断裂F2的煤和油页岩厚度较厚,随着湖盆沉积范围的扩大,表现了一种从湖平面逐渐向岸上上超的过程;高水位体系域浅湖—半深湖相和水进体系域湖泊—沼泽相形成不同成因类型油页岩;孢粉分析结果可知油页岩形成的气候总体呈现出气候温和、 温度下降的发展趋势;而气候的波动影响了古生物的发育,降低了有机质生产能力,进而造成油页岩含油率低。     

油田放射性异常成因研究

为探索地表放射性异常与地下油气藏的关系，在４种类型的９个油气藏上收集了３１０口井的测井数据，同时在５个油气藏上进行了地面放射性测量．上述资料证实，异常从油层到地表具有延续性，在同一油层上方放射性异常随测点与油层距离加大而减弱，复合式油气藏各油层异常独立存在，不同类型油藏异常总体形态相似，异常幅值与油藏圈闭条件有关．这些为油气物质垂向运移及放射性异常深部形成机制提供了直接证据．在此基础上，综合前人研究成果，提出了油田放射性异常物质来源主要是生油岩的观点和油气盆地内流体微运移循环的设想，建立了油田放射性异常综合成因模式．     

渤海湾盆地沉积层中X型共轭断裂的发育特征与油气意义

X型共轭断裂作为一种张性或张扭性应力环境中的常见构造样式,在渤海湾歧口凹陷地区有着广泛的分布。本文结合渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷东部的歧东断裂带为例,详细描述了X型共轭断裂的剖面特征,对整个共轭体系的空间样式进行了归纳,并分析得出结论,歧东断裂是明化镇组沉积以来的晚期断裂（8 Ma）,不控制地层沉积。42 Ma以来渤海湾盆地一直处于近东西向的区域挤压应力场之下,并由此产生了一系列南北向拉张的断裂,平面上表现为走向近东西向的张扭性断裂兼具一定的走滑分量。渤海湾盆地新生代以来的沉积地层由于成岩压实诸多方面因素的影响,地层在不同深度固结程度存在较大差异,整体上表现为地层传递应力的能力从基底到盖层逐渐减弱,大致地划分为刚性基底,半固结地层和松散未固结盖层。松散的盖层由于传递应力能力较弱,如果没有基底的带动,难以主动地发生破裂; 而盆地刚性基底在当时的区域应力场之下,东西走向的张扭性断层并不是其优选的破裂方式,也就是说,像歧东断裂这样的X型正断裂也很难切穿基底地层。这使得X型断裂常常出现在盆地中部半固结的沉积物内。从这个意义上讲,X型断裂发育的半固结地层和刚性基底两者的内部应力场是不一样的,尽管大区域的东西向挤压应力是统一的。X型共轭断裂特殊的空间构造样式的识别及其构造意义的确定对寻找油气圈闭具有重要意义。由于X型断裂系是张扭性构造应力场条件下形成,体系具有相对较好的开放性,油气容易从下部油源运移到浅部形成圈闭,这是X型断裂相关油气勘探的大方向。但是X型断裂在相交区域变形的一些特点,又使得这些相关油气圈闭的勘探具有一定特殊性。     

复合欠饱和盐水钻井液体系在顺北志留系复杂地层的应用

顺北52A井是顺北油气田5号断裂带南部的一口探井,钻遇志留系复杂地层,成井难度大、施工风险高。该志留系地层存在盐水层,密度窗口窄,易发生漏塌共存的现象;地层裂隙发育,漏失风险高;发育大段泥岩,水敏性强,易井壁失稳。针对这些问题,顺北52A井使用了KCl-NaCl复合欠饱和盐水钻井液体系,增强了抗盐水侵的能力;且通过加入聚胺等抑制剂,共同抑制泥岩水化膨胀,增强了体系的抑制性;同时加入堵漏剂和随钻堵漏材料,预防井漏,增强了体系的封堵性。现场使用表明,该复合欠饱和盐水钻井液体系,既降低了井漏风险,又很好地维护了志留系地层井壁的稳定性,使得顺北52A井安全快速钻进,为顺北油气田5号断裂南部志留系地层的钻井施工提供了宝贵的经验和技术支持。     

储层微观动态地质作用与剩余油研究——以胜利油区胜坨油田沙二段为例

长期注水开发油田的开发流体,长期对储集层进行浸泡、驱动,使储集层的众多微观孔隙与喉道的极其微小空间发生风化、剥蚀、溶解和沉积等微观动态地质作用。这些地质作用是由于开发流体打破了地下的动态平衡产生的,它对储集层的岩石骨架、孔隙和喉道等进行改造和破坏,进而控制剩余油的形成与分布,并使得微观剩余油存在多种分布模式。研究指出微观动态地质作用是储集层随开发而发生变化的重要原因,是控制剩余油形成和分布的基本因素。微观动态地质作用长期持续存在,并对储集层进行改造和破坏,使得储集层中的剩余油分布更复杂。     

渤海海域溢油应急预测预警系统研究Ⅰ.海洋动力要素预测技术研究

采用“油粒子”模型,模拟溢油在海洋中的漂移扩散运动,将海流、波浪和风场的模拟结果作为溢油漂移计算的外强迫,来驱动溢油漂移模型,计算其漂移路径.把计算的溢油漂移结果与地理信息系统等平台相结合,建立了渤海海域应急预测预警系统.本文作为该系统研制中的一部分,主要介绍了海流数值计算模型、波浪数值计算模型、风场数值计算模型和溢油...     

Alteration and multi-stage accumulation of oil and gas in the Ordovician of the Tabei Uplift,Tarim Basin,NW China: Implications for genetic origin of the diverse hydrocarbons

The Ordovician is the most important exploration target in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin, which contains a range of petroleum types including solid bitumen, heavy oil, light oil, condensate, wet gas and dry gas. The density of the black oils ranges from 0.81 g/cm³ to 1.01 g/cm³ (20 °C) and gas oil ratio (GOR) ranges from 4 m³/m³ to 9300 m³/m³. Oil-source correlations established that most of the oils were derived from the Mid-Upper Ordovician marine shale and carbonate and that the difference in oil properties is mainly attributed to hydrocarbon alteration and multi-stage accumulation. In the Tabei Uplift, there were three main periods of hydrocarbon accumulation in the late Caledonian stage (ca. 450–430 Ma), late Hercynian stage (ca. 293–255 Ma) and the late Himalayan stage (ca. 12–2 Ma). The oil charging events mainly occurred in the late Caledonian and late Hercynian stage, while gas charging occurred in the late Hercynian stage. During the late Caledonian stage, petroleum charged the reservoirs lying east of the uplift. However, due to a crustal uplifting episode in the early Hercynian (ca. 386–372 Ma), most of the hydrocarbons were transformed by processes such as biodegradation, resulting in residual solid bitumen in the fractures of the reservoirs. During the late Hercynian Stage, a major episode of oil charging into Ordovician reservoirs took place. Subsequent crustal uplift and severe alteration by biodegradation in the west-central Basin resulted in heavy oil formation. Since the late Himalayan stage when rapid subsidence of the crust occurred, the oil residing in reservoirs was exposed to high temperature cracking conditions resulting in the production of gas and charged from the southeast further altering the pre-existing oils in the eastern reservoirs. A suite of representative samples of various crude oils including condensates, lights oils and heavy oils have been collected for detailed analysis to investigate the mechanism of formation. Based on the research it was concluded that the diversity of hydrocarbon physical and chemical properties in the Tabei Uplift was mainly attributable to the processes of biodegradation and gas washing. The understanding of the processes is very helpful to predict the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon in the Tabei Uplift and provides a reference case study for other areas.     

库车褶皱冲断带秋里塔格构造带东、西分段构造特征与油气聚集

近东西向的库车褶皱冲断带内发育近南北向的喀拉玉尔衮、康村和吐格尔明走滑断层,它们将库车褶皱冲断带尤其是作为前缘带的秋里塔格构造带分割成东秋里塔格、西秋里塔格和却勒塔格构造等段落;侧断坡在东、西构造分段上也起着重要作用.不同分段的构造特征存在较大的差异,其中东秋里塔格构造深部发育双重褶皱构造,浅部构造发育断展褶皱;西秋里塔格构造受近东西向走滑断层控制,发育南、北两排构造,剖面上表现为断展褶皱和滑脱褶皱特点;却勒塔格构造是典型的滑脱褶皱.就油气成藏而言,走滑断层是破坏油气聚集的主要因素之一;侧断坡相关背斜是库车坳陷油气勘探的新领域.     

Sedimentation on the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa: cleaning efficiency from natural sediments and drill cuttings

Anthropogenic threats to cold-water coral reefs are trawling and hydrocarbon drilling, with both activities causing increased levels of suspended particles. The efficiency of Lophelia pertusa in rejecting local sediments and drill cuttings from the coral surface was evaluated and found not to differ between sediment types. Further results showed that the coral efficiently removed deposited material even after repeated exposures, indicating an efficient cleaning mechanism. In an experiment focusing on burial, fine-fraction drill cuttings were deposited on corals over time. Drill cutting covered coral area increased with repeated depositions, with accumulation mainly occurring on and adjacent to regions of the coral skeleton lacking tissue cover. Tissue was smothered and polyp mortality occurred where polyps became wholly covered by material. Burial of coral by drill cuttings to the current threshold level used in environmental risk assessment models by the offshore industry (6.3 mm) may result in damage to L. pertusa colonies.