Comparison of fate profiles of PAHs in soil,sediments and mangrove leaves after oil spills by QSAR and QSPR

First order removal rates for 15 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, sediments and mangrove leaves were compared in relation to the parameters used in fate transport analyses (i.e., octanol–water partition coefficient, organic carbon–water partition coefficient, solubility, diffusivity in water, HOMO–LUMO gap, molecular size, molecular aspect ratio). The quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) and quantitative structure property relationships (QSPR) showed that the rate of disappearance of PAHs is correlated with their diffusivities in water as well as molecular volumes in different media. Strong correlations for the rate of disappearance of PAHs in sediments could not be obtained in relation to most of the parameters evaluated. The analyses showed that the QSAR and QSPR correlations developed for removal rates of PAHs in soils would not be adequate for sediments and plant tissues.     

Automatic Synthetic Aperture Radar based oil spill detection and performance estimation via a semi-automatic operational service benchmark

Today the health of ocean is in danger as it was never before mainly due to man-made pollutions. Operational activities show regular occurrence of accidental and deliberate oil spill in European waters. Since the areas covered by oil spills are usually large, satellite remote sensing particularly Synthetic Aperture Radar represents an effective option for operational oil spill detection. This paper describes the development of a fully automated approach for oil spill detection from SAR. Total of 41 feature parameters extracted from each segmented dark spot for oil spill and ‘look-alike’ classification and ranked according to their importance. The classification algorithm is based on a two-stage processing that combines classification tree analysis and fuzzy logic. An initial evaluation of this methodology on a large dataset has been carried out and degree of agreement between results from proposed algorithm and human analyst was estimated between 85% and 93% respectively for ENVISAT and RADARSAT.     

氡(Rn)射气测量在胜利油田隐伏断裂研究中的应用

土壤氡(Rn)射气测量是探测隐伏断裂的存在,判定断裂的位置、走向、倾向的一种有效手段。通过在胜利油田进行的氡射气探测并结合其它勘探手段,发现该区主要的隐伏潘动断裂有无棣—益都断裂、胜北断裂和埕子口断裂。其中,无棣—益都断裂活动性最强。     

提高碳氧比能谱测井分辨率的反褶积法

在地层孔隙度比较低的情况下,由于受放射性统计涨落以及地层中其它核反应所产生的伽马射线的影响,传统的碳氧比能谱测井解释的分辨率不高。这些伽马射线形成了碳氧比能谱测井的本底,本底越高,碳氧比值精度越差。因此,必须设法降低本底值来提高谱线的分辨率。本文通过反褶积技术来提高谱线的分辨率,应用修正的高斯函数作为系统响应函数对测井曲线进行反褶积;采用修正的 Blackman 窗函数来消除放射性统计涨落的高频噪声,通过实际资料验证,利用"反褶积-开窗"法对碳氧比能谱测井的谱线进行处理以及用变系数法求取非弹性散射伽马谱,提高了测井资料对油、水储集层的分辨率,对油田的合理开发及油藏管理具有重要的现实意义。     

Risk acceptance criterion for tanker oil spill risk reduction measures

This paper is aimed at investigating whether there is ample support for the view that the acceptance criterion for evaluating measures for prevention of oil spills from tankers should be based on cost-effectiveness considerations. One such criterion can be reflected by the Cost of Averting a Tonne of oil Spilt (CATS) whereas its target value is updated by elaborating the inherent uncertainties of oil spill costs and establishing a value for the criterion’s assurance factor. To this end, a value of $80,000/t is proposed as a sensible CATS criterion and the proposed value for the assurance factor F = 1.5 is supported by the retrieved Protection and Indemnity (P&I) Clubs’ Annual Reports. It is envisaged that this criterion would allow the conversion of direct and indirect costs into a non-market value for the optimal allocation of resources between the various parties investing in shipping. A review of previous cost estimation models on oil spills is presented and a probability distribution (log-normal) is fitted on the available oil spill cost data, where it should be made abundantly clear that the mean value of the distribution is used for deriving the updated CATS criterion value. However, the difference between the initial and the updated CATS criterion in the percentiles of the distribution is small. It is found through the current analysis that results are partly lower than the predicted values from the published estimation models. The costs are also found to depend on the type of accident, which is in agreement with the results of previous studies. Other proposals on acceptance criteria are reviewed and it is asserted that the CATS criterion can be considered as the best candidate. Evidence is provided that the CATS approach is practical and meaningful by including examples of successful applications in actual risk assessments. Finally, it is suggested that the criterion may be refined subject to more readily available cost data and experience gained from future decisions.     

SAR observation and model tracking of an oil spill event in coastal waters

Oil spills are a major contributor to marine pollution. The objective of this work is to simulate the oil spill trajectory of oil released from a pipeline leaking in the Gulf of Mexico with the GNOME (General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment) model. The model was developed by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) to investigate the effects of different pollutants and environmental conditions on trajectory results. Also, a Texture-Classifying Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA) was used to delineate ocean oil slicks from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations. During the simulation, ocean currents from NCOM (Navy Coastal Ocean Model) outputs and surface wind data measured by an NDBC (National Data Buoy Center) buoy are used to drive the GNOME model. The results show good agreement between the simulated trajectory of the oil spill and synchronous observations from the European ENVISAT ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) and the Japanese ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) PALSAR (Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. Based on experience with past marine oil spills, about 63.0% of the oil will float and 18.5% of the oil will evaporate and disperse. In addition, the effects from uncertainty of ocean currents and the diffusion coefficient on the trajectory results are also studied.     

Sedimentation on the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa: cleaning efficiency from natural sediments and drill cuttings

Anthropogenic threats to cold-water coral reefs are trawling and hydrocarbon drilling, with both activities causing increased levels of suspended particles. The efficiency of Lophelia pertusa in rejecting local sediments and drill cuttings from the coral surface was evaluated and found not to differ between sediment types. Further results showed that the coral efficiently removed deposited material even after repeated exposures, indicating an efficient cleaning mechanism. In an experiment focusing on burial, fine-fraction drill cuttings were deposited on corals over time. Drill cutting covered coral area increased with repeated depositions, with accumulation mainly occurring on and adjacent to regions of the coral skeleton lacking tissue cover. Tissue was smothered and polyp mortality occurred where polyps became wholly covered by material. Burial of coral by drill cuttings to the current threshold level used in environmental risk assessment models by the offshore industry (6.3 mm) may result in damage to L. pertusa colonies.     

Application of entropy analysis of in situ droplet-size spectra in evaluation of oil chemical dispersion efficacy

In situ droplet-size distributions were measured using a laser in situ scattering and transmissiometry (LISST-100X) particle size analyzer during the evaluation of natural and chemical dispersion efficiency of crude oils under different wave and current conditions. An entropy grouping of the in situ dispersed oil droplet-size spectra has classified the multi-modal droplet-size distributions into different groups based on similar droplet-size spectra characteristics within groups and distinction between groups. A generalized linear logistic regression model was fitted to analyze the effects of a number of factors and their interactions on the grouping of oil droplet-size spectra. The grouped results corresponded to the oil dispersion efficiency at different levels. This new method for droplet-size distribution data analysis can have significant implication in field evaluation of natural and chemical dispersion efficiency of oil.     

锦县大凌河公路桥输油管道的地震安全性分析

通过对大凌河桥梁、输油管道、悬吊减震装置效能的现场振动试验，以及对桥梁地基及岸坡稳定性分析、桥梁的抗震计算，对大凌河公路桥输油管道的安全性提出了建设性意见．     

胶莱盆地重磁资料解释与构造特征分析

胶莱盆地位于郯庐断裂带东侧，是典型的拉张盆地，内部划分为诸城凹陷、柴沟地垒、高密凹陷、大野头凸起、莱阳凹陷、牟平──即墨断裂带、海阳凹陷。运用重力资料一级近似解法，定量计算了胶莱盆地基底埋深，结合磁异常解释等，本文重点讨论了盆地内主要断裂的形成时期，切割深度及空间演化。并进一步将诸城凹陷细分为胶县洼陷、集王疃洼陷、平度洼陷、马山构造带、刘家庄构造带、李党家构造带。讨论总结了该盆地构造特征及其发育规律，为该区油气勘探提供了新的认识与依据。