中东扎格罗斯盆地:沿走向变化的构造及油气特征

扎格罗斯盆地是全球富含油气的前陆盆地,沿走向不同构造段的油气储量规模差别巨大,各段构造特征及其对油气富集和主控因素的认识是海外超前选区选带的重要基础。本文综合分析沿盆地走向(NW-SE向)的土耳其迪亚巴克尔段、伊拉克基尔库克段以及伊朗洛雷斯坦段、胡齐斯坦段和法尔斯段等5段的构造特征、油气成藏特征及其主控因素。结果表明:扎格罗斯盆地沿走向各段油气2P可采储量差异明显,胡齐斯坦段和基尔库克段储量规模最大,且以新近系储层为主;扎格罗斯造山作用形成一系列背斜构造、不同时期形成的蒸发盐岩盖层影响盆地各段油气聚集差异;中新世以来,随着阿拉伯板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞,扎格罗斯盆地发生了大规模的挤压褶皱作用,下白垩统油气沿裂缝向上运移至渐新统-中新统优质储层中;基尔库克段和胡齐斯坦段新生界沉积物厚度较大,渐新统-中新统蒸发岩为优质的区域性盖层,对新生界油气的保存起重要作用;法尔斯段构造变形较为强烈,三叠系之上的上侏罗统、中新统蒸发岩受不同程度的破坏,油气主要分布于下三叠统-上二叠统碳酸盐岩。通过本研究将对中东扎格罗斯盆地的新项目评价具有一定的指导意义。     

Sedimentary lithofacies characteristics and sweet-spot interval characterization of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation in Upper Yangtze Platform,South China

The Sinian Doushantuo Formation is the oldest shale gas reservoir discovered in the world, which contains good shale gas shows as the Eyangye-1 and Zidi-1 wells in the Yichang Region of western Hubei province, China. The shales in the Doushantuo Formation feature considerable thickness (135 m), high gas content (4.83 m³/t) and high fragile mineral content (up to 75%). Due to the influences of the sedimentary environment, the shale reservoirs here have high dolomitic content (54%) and abruptly changes in vertical lithofacies. Moreover, the characteristics of the shale sweet-spot differ significantly from that in the Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in southeast Sichuan Basin. A high-resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation was performed on the shales of the Doushantuo Formation at the Eyangye-1 well, Zidi-1 well, Zidi-2 well and some outcrop profiles in Yichang area for the identification of their sedimentary microfacies characteristics. A comprehensive comparative analysis was made by incorporating the elemental geochemistry, wireline and mud logging data of the well to further identify the sweet-spot interval therein. With the analysis of Eyangye-1 well, the sweet-spot interval of the Doushantuo Formation is 3360−3408 m, of which sedimentary microfacies is deepwater reduced environment with many pyrite laminaes, and the TOC is high to 3.42%, the Ro is 3.3%, the organic and matrix pore are well developed and the aperture more than 50 nm, the porosity is 2.7%, the desorption gas content average is 2.16%, and the main mineral is dolomitic (54%) and siliceous quartz (21%). Additionally, these parameters combined with previous studies will shed light on evaluating and characterizing the layers therein, also provide referential geological data for the following exploration and development activities of this shale system.     

Discovery of Hesigewula Sag on the western margin of Da Hinggan Mountains in China and its significance in petroleum geology

With Songliao Basin in northeast China entering the middle-late stage of the exploration and development of oil and gas resources, it is urgent to open up new areas for oil and gas exploration on the periphery of the basin. Five sedimentary sags have been discovered in the western margin of the Da Hinggan Mountains through high-precision gravity, magnetic, and electrical prospecting engineering. According to the conditions of the 5 sags such as buried depth, area, and the scale of source rock, Hesigewula Sag was preferentially selected to deploy two-dimensional seismic prospecting and drilling. As a result, the stratigraphic distribution and structure of Hesigewula Sag were preliminarily ascertained, the main sedimentary facies developed in Aershan Formation-Tengger Formation of the Lower Cretaceous was summarized, and the assessment parameters of source rock of Hesigewula Sag were obtained. According to the research results, the Hesigewula Sag can be divided into 3 second-order tectonic units including the western bulge, the central sag, and the eastern bulge respectively, and the sag was formed mainly subject to the west fractures. Three sedimentary facies including fan delta facies, braided river delta facies, and lacustrine facies have been identified in the Aershan Formation-Tengger Formation of the sag. The source rock in the first member and second member of Tengger Formation in the sag features high abundance of organic matter, meeting the standards of good source rocks. The kerogen of the source rock is mainly of type II₁ – II₂. The organic matter in the source rock is characterized by low maturity and it entered the evolution stage of low maturity from the second member of Tengger Formation. Furthermore, Hesigewula Sag bears a strong similarity to other petroliferous sags in Erlian Basin in structure, sedimentation, source rock, and other characteristics. Therefore, it can be preliminarily determined that Hesigewula Sag boasts great potential for oil and gas resources.     

南海油田烃类氧化菌生态分布初步研究

报道了冬季南海珠江口盆地4大油田(陆丰13-1油田、流花11-1油田、CACT惠州油田和西江30-2/24-3油田)烃类氧化菌的分布和变化状况。在所有站位都检出烃类氧化菌,数量介于3.00×104～2.05×105个/L。各油田平台附近的测值高;表层的测值高于10m层。烃类氧化菌的数量与水域中的营养盐含量及其它水质因子有一定的关系。     

Copper(II) Biosorption on Soda Lignin From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)

The adsorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions by soda lignin as an absorbent using a batch adsorption system is presented in this paper. The soda lignin used in this study was extracted from black liquor derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using 20% v/v sulfuric acid. The effects of varying experimental parameters such as pH value, adsorbent dosage, different concentrations of Cu(II) ions, and agitation period were investigated. The results revealed that the optimum adsorption of Cu(II) onto soda lignin was recorded at a pH of 5.0 at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g soda lignin and an agitation period of 40 min. The adsorption capacities and rates of Cu(II) ions onto soda lignin was evaluated. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to calculate the isotherm constants. It was found that the adsorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Freundlich model. The kinetic experimental data properly correlated with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, which implies that chemical sorption is the rate‐limiting step.     

A critique of the UK’s JNCC seismic survey guidelines for minimising acoustic disturbance to marine mammals: Best practise?

The United Kingdom’s statutory conservation agency, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), developed guidelines in 1995 to minimise acoustic disturbance of marine mammals by oil and gas industry seismic surveys. These were the first national guidelines to be developed and have subsequently become the standard, or basis, of international mitigation measures for noise pollution during seismic surveys. However, relatively few aspects of these measures have a firm scientific basis or proven efficacy. Existing guidelines do not offer adequate protection to marine mammals, given the complex propagation of airgun pulses; the difficulty of monitoring in particular the smaller, cryptic, and/or deep-diving species, such as beaked whales and porpoises; limitations in monitoring requirements; lack of baseline data; and other biological and acoustical complications or unknowns. Current guidelines offer a ‘common sense’ approach to noise mitigation, but in light of recent research and ongoing concerns, they should be updated, with broader measures needed to ensure adequate species protection and to address data gaps.     

Peroxisomal proteomics: Biomonitoring in mussels after the Prestige’s oil spill

Peroxisomal proteomics was applied to assess possible biological effects after the Prestige’s oil spill. Mussels were sampled in July 2004 and 2005 in four stations in the NW (closest to the spill) and NE coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. Principal components analysis (PCA) suggested differences in protein expression among stations and sampling years. Several proteins were putatively identified by mass spectrometry and immunolocalization. PC1 separated the NW stations in 2004 from the rest of the stations and sampling years mainly due to up-regulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation proteins and PMP70. PC3 separated the NE stations, based on up-regulation of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in 2004 compared to 2005. PC4 separated the stations in the NE and the NW. This work shows that environmental proteomics, together with multivariate data analysis, could provide information to interpret the effects of oil spills at cellular level in mussels.     

基于随机各向同性背景的粘弹性单斜介质二维三分量正演模拟

将Von Karman型的随机各向同性背景引入粘弹性单斜各向异性波动方程,并应用交错网格技术进行模拟.结果表明在这种非均匀复合介质中波场特性既体现了规律性较强的粘弹性单斜各向异性性质,又体现了介质的随机性特点.具体表现为:胀缩、剪切品质因子造成了振幅的显著衰减;相同方差条件下,尺度越小随机介质干扰强度越大.为进一步研究裂隙型油气藏基本特征提供了有益的参考.     

Compound-specific stable carbon isotopic composition of petroleum hydrocarbons as a tool for tracing the source of oil spills

With the increasing demand for and consumption of crude oils, oil spill accidents happen frequently during the transportation of crude oils and oil products, and the environmental hazard they pose has become increasingly serious in China. The exact identification of the source of spilled oil can act as forensic evidence in the investigation and handling of oil spill accidents. In this study, a weathering simulation experiment demonstrates that the mass loss of crude oils caused by short-term weathering mainly occurs within the first 24h after a spill, and is dominated by the depletion of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons (相似文献   

油页岩热破裂规律显微CT实验研究

利用太原理工大学和中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所最新共同研制的μCT225kVFCB型高精度（μm级）CT试验分析系统,对油页岩从常温到600 ℃高温下的热破裂过程进行了显微观测和分析,揭示了抚顺油页岩的热破裂阈值温度为300 ℃附近.当温度低于300 ℃时,已可见到极少数较小的微裂隙出现,裂隙多发育于原生层理面以及硬质矿物颗粒的周围,形成的破裂面基本上都与层理面互相平行.当温度超过300 ℃,由于受到热分解化学反应的控制,裂隙的数量、长度和宽度剧烈增加,呈现广泛发育、集中爆发的特点,并使原有裂隙迅速延展和贯通,且裂隙面仍具有与层理面平行的特点,这是油页岩热破裂的典型特征;同时,也形成了许许多多垂直于层理方向的微小裂隙,小裂隙与大裂隙的搭接连通,形成了一个庞大的连通网络结构,从根本上提高了油页岩的渗流能力.