基于海洋资源环境承载力的海上油田环境保护管理研究

文章结合《资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法(试行)》,通过分析海洋资源环境承载能力与海上油田环境保护管理的相关性,提出了海上油田全生命周期环境保护管理的新思路。同时结合海上油田的项目特点,探讨了现阶段海洋资源环境承载力监测预警技术在功能区划、管控要求和监测预警中可能存在的不协调、不一致和不断变化的问题,并提出了统一用海类型及其管控要求、差异化政策措施和动态分析的建议。     

海上设施自动化系统软件认可流程与技术要求研究

随着计算机及通信技术的发展,海上设施自动化水平的不断提高,海上设施运营的安全可靠性越来越依赖于自动控制系统,尤其是软件部分。由于软件本身在设计和开发中可能存在的缺陷引起系统故障或失效,将给设施及利益方带来不可估量的损失。文章结合IEC61508系列标准、ISO9000—3标准,针对自动化系统软件有关要求和国际船级社协会及船级社等机构有关规范和标准的内容进行分析研究,系统地分析总结出海上设施软件的认可流程及对应技术要求,为我国海工装备设计制造业提供指导。     

海岸破波带内悬沙空间分布试验研究和解析表达式

关于海岸破波带内悬沙浓度水平和垂向分布的研究对于计算海岸输沙率和地形演变具有重要意义。本研究进行了规则波、波群和不规则波三种波浪情况破波带内悬沙浓度的水平和垂向分布的试验测量。试验在大尺度波浪水槽进行,接近实际海岸波况尺度。给出了破波带内多断面悬沙垂向分布的细致测量结果,并以此为基础给出了预报实际海岸破波带内悬沙浓度水平和垂向分布解析表达式,讨论了形成这些分布的物理原因和不同波况、不同破波带区域对分布的影响。     

美国海上油气田租赁开发和环评体系研究

美国海洋油气环评贯穿于外大陆架油气区域租赁销售和开发的各个阶段。文章从美国外大陆架租赁范围界定入手,介绍油气区域租赁开发所经历的5年规划、区域销售、勘探和开发生产各阶段所涉及的环评文件类型。着重分析美国海洋油气开发环评体系、工作程序和文件内容,最后提出对我国海洋油气开发环评的启示,即:海洋油气规划环评在先;公众参与的早期介入;全过程政府环评;环评审查不等于排污许可。     

Extension of the Paraná Basin to offshore Brazil: Implications for coalbed methane evaluation

Coalbed methane (CBM) is a worldwide exploration target of the petroleum industry. In Brazil, the most important coal-bearing succession is associated with the Permian Rio Bonito Formation of the Paraná Basin. The gas-prone areas are located at the southeastern margin of the Paraná Basin and possibly in the offshore region of the northern part of the Pelotas Basin. Coalfields end abruptly at the present day shoreline, a result of rifting of Gondwana and the evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean. All geologic indicators suggest that in pre-rift times the coal seams extended further eastwards, probably now lying deeply buried below the sedimentary succession of the Pelotas Basin. The present paper discusses structural, stratigraphic, seismic and aeromagenetic data that support the preservation of continental crust beneath ocean sediment. If the coal beds had similar lateral extent to known onshore coals, and coal beds extended across the projected extension of the Parana basin, and there was a conservative 5 m of cumulative coal thickness, then a potential methane volume can be estimated for this newly inferred resource. Average onshore coal gas content is 32 scf/ton (1.00 m³/ton). If this is similar in the offshore coal deposits, then the hypothetical methane volume in the offshore area could be in excess of 1.9 × 10¹² scf (56 × 10⁹ m³). Metamorphism from dikes associated with rifting are potential complicating factors in these deposits, and since no borehole reaching the deep-lying strata in the offshore area are available, this is a hypothetical gas resource with a certain level of uncertainty which should be tested in the future by drilling a deep borehole.     

Using Memoranda of Understanding to facilitate marine management in Canada

Like many other coastal states, management of Canada’s offshore areas is complicated by the division of authority among differing government departments and agencies. However, as a Confederation, this administrative complexity in Canada is further exacerbated by the jurisdictional division of powers between the Federal Parliament and the Provincial Legislatures. The most common tool for overcoming this division and facilitating cooperation are formalized non-binding agreements known as Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs). While there are a large number of MOUs in existence in Canada, few are being implemented. In part, this is because the non-binding nature of the agreement means that either party may discard their obligations at will. This has led to many useful MOUs being discarded and years of work and resources expended negotiating these agreements being wasted. This paper discusses the findings from three such agreements, each focusing on efforts to manage Canada’s offshore resources. It highlights the importance of six factors capable of increasing the likelihood that any given MOU aimed at collaboration between different authorities will be successful. These factors include: a foundation of cooperation, clear statement of priorities, feasible and adaptable work plans, integration at various management levels, a legislative foundation, and adequate financial resources.     

天津近海小型底栖动物丰度研究

2006年7月至2007年10月在渤海湾天津近海的15个站位,分春、夏、秋、冬4个航次进行了小型底栖动物丰度的调查.通过对未受扰动沉积物样品中的生物分析,共采集到线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、寡毛类、双壳类、动吻类等小型底栖动物类群和少量未鉴定实体,其中线虫为优势类群,占总丰度的90%以上.调查海域小型底栖动物丰度春、夏、秋、冬依次为(405.4±154.8)ind/10cm2,(417.6±38.6)imd/10 cm2,(161.6±64.5)ind/10cm2和204.7±69.7ind/10 cm2,区内的分布以中部海域居多.小型底栖动物丰度值存在季节变化,春季和夏季平均丰度值较高,夏季略高于春季;秋冬季值偏低.小型底柄动物多分布于沉积物0～5 cm层次,占总量的85.9%～92.9%.春季和秋季的小型底栖动物丰度值与沉积物叶绿素a含量显著相关.与我国近海海域研究资料比较显示,目前渤海湾天津近海小型底栖动物丰度值略低.     

Characteristics and mitigation of the snow avalanche hazard in Kaghan Valley,Pakistan Himalaya

Snow avalanche hazards in mountainous areas of developing countries have received scant attention in the scientific literature. The purpose of this paper is to describe this hazard and mitigative measures in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan Himalaya, and to review alternatives for future reduction of this hazard. Snow avalanches have long posed a hazard and risk to indigenous populations of the Himalaya and Trans-Himalaya mountains. Land use intensification due to population growth, new transportation routes, military activity and tourism is raising levels of risk. The history of land use in the study area is such that investigations of avalanche hazard must rely on different theoretical bases and data than in most industrialised countries. Despite the intensive use of valley-bottom land which is affected by avalanches, a number of simple measures are currently employed by the indigenous population to mitigate the hazard. Out-migration during the winter months is the most important one. During the intensive use period of summer avalanche-transported snow provides numerous resources for the population. In Kaghan the avalanche hazard is increasing primarily as a result of poorly located new buildings and other construction projects. The large scale of avalanche activity there rules out any significant improvement or protection of the currently difficult winter access. Instead, future mitigation of the hazard should focus on protecting the small number of winter inhabitants and minimising property damage.     

我国海洋测井技术回顾与展望

地球物理测井是利用各种现代物理学的方法（包括电学、声学、核物理、热学、光学、磁学、力学等）对储层空间的油气水特性、沉积环境、地层层序、构造地质等现象进行定量研究，逐步形成的一门理论性、实用性很强的边缘学科．海洋测井作业环境更为特殊而复杂，不但投资大、作业风险大，而且具有技术高度密集、技术难度大的特点．发展海洋石油勘探事业，必须加强对海洋测井技术的研究，利用现代高新科学技术，开拓海洋测井新领域，为海洋石油勘探提供更丰富、更准确的地质信息．