基于Weibull分布地震信息熵对中国大陆西部强震活动状态的分析

在强震活动轮回和期幕划分等研究中, 强震事件的样本数量往往影响并限制了信度和结果外推, 特别是强震活动较弱时期对状态的判断将出现较大的不确定性。 强震孕育过程中的中小地震活动状态实际上反映了强震活动的规律性。 本文采用基于Weibull分布的中小地震信息熵对中国大陆西部的强震活动状态进行分析。 结果显示, 西部地区目前处在低熵值时段, 可能进入新一轮强震活跃期且主体活动区为青藏地块区。 在熵值扫描条件相同的情况下, Ⅰ级活动地块内不同Ⅱ级块体的信息熵值时序曲线相似性较大, 不同Ⅰ级构造块体内的Ⅱ级块体信息熵值时序曲线差别较大。 说明该方法基于统计物理分析, 能够反映区域构造特征并克服期幕划分样本数量不足的缺点。     

罗布泊腾龙台地第四系含钾盐类矿物赋存特征分析

罗布泊腾龙台地第四系盐类矿物中部分地段含钾,局部已达工业品位.本文从含钾盐类矿物的主要赋存层位及分布特征入手,在大量观察钻孔岩心和薄片、样品测试基础上,对第四纪含盐系,尤其是含钾盐类矿物赋存特征和分布进行分析,初步总结了3种成矿模式,从沉积时代学角度分析了今后固体钾盐找矿方向.     

Estimating birth and death rates from cell labeling data

The objective of this article is to provide a statistical method for estimating both birth and death rates from labeling data. Current practice of estimating cell division (birth) rate α by the formula LI(t) = 1 − exp(−2αt) suggests that the use of labeling index (LI) as a cell proliferation indicator may incur loss of valuable information inherited in the data that are used to calculate the index. Information about cell death has become increasingly important for understanding a disease processes, and for developing a biologically based dose-response model for environmental health risk assessments. Simple stochastic and deterministic models are proposed for estimating both birth and death rates simultaneously from labeling data. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

汶川MS8.0地震孕育发生的机制与动力学问题

2008年5月12日四川省汶川县发生了MS8.0强烈地震.发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.分析震前的GPS速度场发现,从巴颜喀拉块体西部到龙门山断裂带沿大约N103°E方向的缩短速率为13.0 mm/a,龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑速率1.1 mm/a,断裂带处于闭锁状态.四川盆地沿大约N103°E方向有少量的压缩变形,而沿SW方向有少量的拉张变形.同震位移场显示,这次地震可能是巴颜喀拉块体SE向逆冲与四川盆地NW向俯冲同时发生的.应变场分析发现,震前震中区的主压与主张应变率分别为-30.840×10^-9/a与13.956×10^-9/a,主压应变轴N105.4°E与震源机制解得到的主压应力轴的方向N103°E一致.由本文提出的应力-应变机制得到的断层滑动方向和走向与地表破裂调查和震源机制解得到的结果一致.印度、太平洋和菲律宾海板块与欧洲板块的相互作用是龙门山断裂带积累弹性应变能和孕育汶川地震的长期作用力.苏门达腊大地震使青藏高原和华南块体的相互作用加强,促进了汶川地震的发生.     

博茨瓦纳马卡迪卡迪盐湖卤水特征及找钾前景分析

马卡迪卡迪盐湖区为一现代干盐湖,盐湖以湖相碎屑沉积为主,在东侧的苏阿干盐湖赋存有高矿化孔隙卤水,通过对盐湖卤水系统的采样分析及综合研究,卤水主要化学组分为Na+和Cl-,其次为CO3^-2、HCO3^-,SO4^-2、K^+,矿化度平均为257.96g/L,卤水水化学类型为碳酸盐型;卤水组分与矿化度呈明显的正相关,表明卤水还未达到饱和阶段;受湖区构造及补给来源的影响,卤水的富集区位于研究区的西北部,同时也是矿化度最高的地区;KCl的含量在0.39%~0.99%之间,平均在0.65%,已超过液体钾盐矿的最低工业品位,分布面积约690km2,具有一定找矿前景。     

河南省主要城市浅层地温能特征及开发利用建议

河南省浅层地温能资源具有分布广泛、资源量丰富、开发利用方便等特点,发展前景广阔。通过对河南省主要城市的地质、水文地质条件和岩土体结构特征等浅层地温能赋存特征的分析,采用数理统计和对比分析等综合研究的方法,对比研究了不同地貌类型城市200m以浅的岩土体热物性特征、浅层地温场分布特征和岩土热响应特征等的异同及其分布与变化规律。结果显示:河南省主要城市浅层地温能的赋存层位主要为第四系及新近系上部的各类松散堆积物,这些松散的堆积物和储存于其孔隙内的地下水为浅层地温能的载体;岩土导热系数会随着孔隙率的增加而减小,随岩性颗粒变粗而增大;城市地层综合导热系数和换热能力与地下水径流条件呈正相关;位于盆地和山前地带水文地质条件优越的城市或地段,浅层地温能开发利用宜采用地下水换热方式,松散堆积物厚度较大且以细粒相沉积为主的城市或地段,宜采用竖直地埋管换热方式。     

Effects of Fe and Al incorporations on the bridgmanite–postperovskite coexistence domain

The postperovskite phase transition of Fe and Al-bearing MgSiO₃ bridgmanite, the most aboundant mineral in the Earth's lower mantle, is believed to be a key to understanding seismological observations in the D″ layer, e.g., the discontinuous changes in seismic wave velocities. Experimentally reported phase transition boundaries of Fe and Al-bearing bridgmanite are currently largely controversial and generally suggest wide two-phase coexistence domains. Theoretical simulations ignoring temperature effects cannot evaluate correctly two-phase coexistence domains under high-temperature. We show high-pressure and high-temperature phase transition boundaries for various compositions with geophysically relevant impurities of Fe²⁺SiO₃, Fe³⁺Fe³⁺O₃, Fe³⁺Al³⁺O₃, and Al³⁺Al³⁺O₃ derived from the ab initio finite-temperature free energies calculated combining the internally consistent LSDA + U method and a lattice dynamics approach. We found that at ～ 2500 K, incorporations accompanied by Fe³⁺ expand the two-phase coexistence domains distinctly, implying that D″ seismic discontinuities likely arise from the phase transition of Fe²⁺-bearing bridgmanite.     

A constitutive model for sand based on non-linear elasticity and the state parameter

The paper describes the development of a constitutive model for a poorly graded sand, which was used in geotechnical experiments on buried pipes (reported elsewhere). The sand was tested extensively in the laboratory to determine the state parameter constants. Triaxial tests on the sand included conventional drained triaxial compression tests, as well as more specialized shearing tests at constant mean effective stress and others at constant volume. Single element simulation of the triaxial tests was performed to validate the proposed constitutive model. The adopted model allowed non-linear elastic behaviour prior to yielding. After yielding of the sand, the state parameter-based model for the sand permitted non-associated plastic flow. Dilation and frictional strength were both dependent on the current value of the state parameter. The combination of laboratory testing and single element modelling resulted in the selection of a single set of material constants for the soil, which adequately described the full range of triaxial tests. Subsequently the model was applied to the problem of a plate loading test on the sand and the model predictions were compared with the test data.     

大金湖国家地质公园GIS地理空间元数据设计研究

大金湖国家地质公园地理信息系统的建立与运行都需要元数据的支持。文中在对大金湖国家地质公园地理信息数据分析的基础上,应用现有的元数据标准,对其地理空间元数据的内容信息、管理模式、应用扩展进行了设计研究。