Identifying Rocky Seabed Using GIS-Modeled Predictor Variables

Mapping the seabed along the Norwegian coast is costly and time consuming. Hence, finding a modeling method to separate rocky seabed from other substrate types will provide digital maps that may be used to develop cost-effective sampling designs to predict species and habitat distribution. Our approach was to use geophysical data that were quantitative and objectively defined, generalized additive models (GAMs), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) to develop statistical models and select among them. We found that slope, terrain curvature, wave exposure, and depth predicted rocky seabed occurrence with a high degree of certainty.     

Tsunami Inundation Modeling and Mapping using ALTM- and CARTOSAT-Derived Coastal Topographic Data

Coastal topography is the principal variable that affects the movement of the tsunami wave on land. Therefore, land surface elevation data are critical to a tsunami model for computing extent of inundation. Elevation data from India's remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-1 are available for the entire Indian coastline, while elevation data collected using Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM) are only available for selected sections of the coastline. This study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of CARTOSAT-1 and ALTM elevation data sets in the tsunami inundation modeling. Two areas of the coastal Tamil Nadu that were severely affected during the December 2004 tsunami and surveyed extensively for mapping the extent of inundation were selected as the study areas. Elevation data sets from ALTM, CARTOSAT-1 and field measurement collected using Real-time Kinematic GPS (RTK-GPS) were compared for these areas. The accuracy of ALTM and CARTOSAT-1 data, the significance of interpolation methods and data used on model outputs were studied. The analysis clearly revealed that the elevation accuracy of CARTOSAT-1 data (+/?2m) was much lower than ALTM data (+/?0.6m). However, it was found that despite the differing elevation accuracy, both ALTM and CARTOSAT-1 can be used to produce tsunami inundation maps for open coasts with an accuracy of 185 m (2 grid cells) at 75% and 50% confidence level, respectively.     

与挠曲作用相关的一种特殊裂缝形成机制

浙江省临安市上侏罗统劳村组火山凝灰岩露头中发育了很多与挠曲相关的裂缝, 地层构造简单、露头良好, 为研究与挠曲相关裂缝提供了良好的条件.通过对两处野外露头的精细测量, 发现裂缝面平直、且未被充填, 均为构造裂缝, 在剖面上裂缝的组合呈扇形.裂缝面与岩层层面夹角为44°~80°, 裂缝密度随着地层厚度的增加而增加.根据裂缝面与层面的交切关系, 将两组裂缝分别命名为: 锐夹角指示邻层相对运动方向的D裂缝和锐夹角指示本层相对运动方向的D’裂缝.通过对地层挠曲变形的几何分析, 发现两组裂缝的形成是为了调节核部地层在变形过程中产生缩短量和剩余剪切, 地层厚度与地层中产生剩余剪切成正比.结果表明, 地层厚度越大, 形成的裂缝也越多.      

基于三维地质模型的排土场边坡整体稳定性探究

目前所广泛采用的平面应变分析手段,针对排土场边坡稳定性评价时有时会出现某剖面安全系数高于设定允许值,实际中却遭破坏的现象,除了常被提及的力学参数、本构模型等因素,排土场凹形夹持效应和凸形发散作用突出以及滑体端部效应的影响,是分析结果不能准确反映实际的根本原因之一。鉴于此,从平面高程数据、地质剖面、钻孔资料等条件,配合插值效果较为稳定的Kriging法对空间数据进行插值,建立排土场三维地质整体模型。然后,采用自编FISH语言接口程序,将地质模型导入FLAC3D中离散化并计算,较为简单、有效地实现三维地质建模、模型可视化、岩土工程计算分析三位一体功能,有效地克服了平面分析无法解决的上述问题。以攀钢兰尖铁矿尖山第7排土场为实,对其整体稳定性进行应力、应变分析,采用三维强度折减法计算排土场三维整体安全系数,与现场调查及平面计算结果较为一致。基于该模型的计算结果可以有效避免排土场空间效应和滑体端部效应,得到的排土场全域应力-应变规律,对露天矿排土场的生产管理,具有一定的指导意义。     

弥散磁共振成像研究进展

对弥散磁共振成像的核心内容——使用不同强度和方向的弥散信息对完整弥散过程进行三维建模进行介绍.首先根据模型可描述纤维数量将其分为低角度分辨率和高角度分辨率弥散磁共振成像2类,然后根据建模所用弥散采样选择方式将高角度分辨率弥散磁共振成像分为多弥散角度方向模型、多弥散强度模型和综合弥散角度方向和强度模型3类并进行介绍,并对每个具体模型分别从模型设计、模型计算和模型优缺点3个角度进行分析.     

碳酸盐岩孔洞型储集体地震反射特征分析

定量分析碳酸盐岩孔洞型储集体的地震响应特征,对孔洞储集体的预测和刻画研究有着重要意义.基于声波方程,在忽略多次散射的情况下,导出了深层小尺度孤立洞体的地震响应近似解析式,该解析表达式给出了孔洞尺度、充填程度与地震振幅属性之间的关系.分析表明:(1)当孔洞异常体尺度小于地震波长的1/8时,反射波振幅与异常体体积呈近似正比关系;(2)异常体横向上的尺度对反射波振幅的影响主要由菲涅耳半径控制,同时振幅随横向尺度的变化规律受到纵向尺度的影响;(3)异常体纵向上的尺度对反射振幅的影响主要表现为调谐效应,当纵向上的尺度等于调谐厚度(地震波长的1/4)时,反射振幅最强.不同尺度溶洞的数值模拟研究结果以及不同填充物的单洞物理模型试验和溶洞群物理模型试验验证了以上结论的正确性.     

地震散射波的高精度数值模拟与振幅分析

随着地震勘探要求和技术的不断提高,散射波地震勘探方法逐渐引起人们的重视,尤其在构造复杂地区的高精度勘探中,散射波理论具有广泛的应用前景.本文在讨论了现阶段几种散射波数值模拟方法的利弊后,设计了一种基于微扰论的FK域积分法,在散射场的二次震源和空间能量衰减处理两方面做了改进,其计算精度和效率均得到了提高.此外,采用该算法针对散射波动力学进行了正演模拟试算,从扰动介质空间分布和扰动量两个角度定量地分析了散射波振幅动力学方面的特征.在此基础上得到了五个经验常数,并给出了对应的计算公式和物理意义,通过这五个常数可以划分散射波不同形态的动力学特征.     

测井、井间地震与地面地震数据联合约束下的地质统计学随机建模方法研究

利用能够整合测井信息与井间地震信息的地质统计学随机模拟方法,结合传统的地质统计学反演思路,得到了一种能够同时整合测井、井间地震与地面地震三种先验信息的地质统计学反演与储层建模方法.由于井间射线信息、测井信息与地面地震数据在随机反演与建模过程当中都得到了尊重,因此与传统地质统计学反演仅利用了测井与地面地震数据相比,本文的地质统计学反演与建模方法更充分地利用了先验信息,有效提高了反演的精度,降低了随机建模中的多解性.基于理论数据的测试证实了上述观点.     

Characterization of rocking shallow foundations using centrifuge model tests

This paper presents new results of centrifuge model tests exploring the behavior of rocking shallow foundations embedded in dry sand, which provides a variety of factors of safety for vertical bearing. The results of slow (quasi‐static) cyclic tests of rocking shear walls and dynamic shaking tests of single‐column rocking bridge models are presented. The moment–rotation and settlement–rotation relationships of rocking footings are investigated. Concrete pads were placed in the ground soil to support some models with the objective of reducing the settlement induced by rocking. The behavior of rocking foundation was shown to be sensitive to the geometric factor of safety with respect to bearing failure, L_f/L_c, where L_f was the footing length, and the L_c was the critical soil‐footing contact length that would be required to support pure axial loading. Settlements were shown to be small if L_f/L_c was reasonably large. Placement of concrete pads under the edges of the footing was shown to be a promising approach to reduce settlements resulting from rocking, if settlements were deemed to be excessive and also had impacts on the energy dissipation and rocking moment capacity. A general discussion of the tradeoffs between energy dissipation and re‐centering of rocking foundations and other devices is included. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.