撞击事件对古环境的影响——来自ODP1144站A孔样品的证据

本文通过对ODP1144站A孔BM界线附近样品中微玻璃陨石的挑选和研究,确定在中更新世曾发生过地外物体撞击地球的灾变事件。样品中浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素的对比研究表明,在微玻璃陨石事件发生的后期,曾发生了浮游有孔虫壳体碳氧同位素组成的变化,表现为^δ13 C值的降低和^δ18 O值的增加。文中还探讨了其形成的原因。     

Magnetic rock properties of the gabbros from the ODP Drill Hole 1105 A of the Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge

Laboratory studies of 30 samples from 158 m long drill core of the Hole 1105 A (ODP Leg 179) of the Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge have revealed magnetic properties of the gabbros, olivine gabbros, oxide gabbros and olivine oxide gabbros down the core. Comparison of modal proportions of the oxides, grain sizes and magnetization parameters of the rocks has confirmed that most coarse-grained oxide mineral bearing rocks record low Koenigsberger ratio (2 to 5) and median destructive fields (5 to 7 mT). Average natural remanent magnetization (J_nrm) and stable remanent magnetization (J_st) of the core samples are 5.8 A/m and 1.9 A/m, respectively. Their mean stable magnetic inclination is 66‡ ± 4‡, about 14‡ steeper than the expected dipole inclination of the area similar to the one reported at Hole 735 B. The excess inclination perhaps marks a tectonic block rotation of the reversely magnetized rocks of the bank. We interpret that gabbros and serpentinites devoid of basaltic carapace significantly contribute to seafloor spreading anomalies of the bank.     

科学大洋钻探与全球气候变化研究

文章简要地回顾了科学大洋钻探的发展历程。深海钻探计划（ＤＳＤＰ）革命性地改变了地球科学家们对地球动力作用的认识。ＤＳＤＰ的后继者，即大洋钻探计划（ＯＤＰ）正在全球各大洋收集有关这些作用在几万至几十万年时间尺度上变化的高分辨率记录，并已在与全球气候有关的下述领域取得了重要进展：地质历史时期气候变化的幅度、速度及原因，按轨道调谐的新生代（１０Ｍａ前以来）地质年代表，高纬度地区冰盖形成及演化历史，造山运动与长期气候变化之间的相互关系，气体水合物与全球气候变化的相互制约关系。ＤＳＤＰ和ＯＤＰ的成就使地球科学家们相信，在全球年轻的大洋底实施钻探以取得连续的沉积记录和录井记录，是研究过去全球气候的长期、短期变化的有效而重要的手段，并将给未来全球变化的研究带来启示     

大洋钻探计划(ODP)与海洋有机地球化学研究

本利用长链不饱和酮分子及分子同位素δ＾１３Ｃ来恢复古气候、古溶解ＣＯ２浓度和古盐度；说明有机地球化学在全球变化研究中的应用前景。     

大洋钻探与世界油气资源

全球地质学的进展，包括层序地层学以及沉积盆地数值模拟，极大地推动了油气勘探理论和实践，全球事件的研究揭示了世界油气资源的生成和分布的控制机理。     

Paleoceanographic Setting and Preservation of Buried Manganese Deposits in DSDP/ODP Cores

Abstract. The occurrence, lithology, and stratigraphic setting of buried manganese deposits and associated host sediments in cores obtained on Legs 123–210 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) are examined in order to establish the formative environment and conditions of preservation. Fossil manganese nodule and crusts are found to have formed or deposited throughout the period from 100 Ma to the present, with an additional example of formation near 137 Ma, suggesting that the deep-sea environment has been oxic and suitable for the formation of manganese nodules and crusts since the Cretaceous. Many manganese nodules and crusts occur on horizons corresponding to hiatuses in sedimentation or periods of slow sedimentation, consistent with the environment in which modern nodules form (sedimentation rate less than 10 m/m.y.). Sediments overlying the fossil nodules and crusts are oozes or biogenic sediments with sedimentation rates of 1–18 m/m.y. Low total organic carbon (<0.1 wt%) in the overlying sediments and high sulfate content (>25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese horizon suggest that no strong reduction occurred within the overlying sediments. Coverage by biogenic sediments containing only small amounts of organic matter is therefore considered important for the preservation of manganese nodules and crusts. Manganese carbonate occurs sporadically as nodules, concretions or thin layers in various host sediments, including clay, calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze with sedimentation rates of 6–125 m/m.y. Hiatuses are rare around the host sediments of manganese carbonate. Higher total organic carbon (0.2–1.8 wt%) in the host sediments and lower sulfate content (0–25 mM) in interstitial water around the manganese carbonate horizon suggest that reduction in association with decomposition of organic matter would have proceeded in the host sediments.     

Late Oligocene Sedimentary Hiatus in Deep Sea Area of South China Sea, Result of Calcareous Nannofossils from ODP Site 1148

In order to determine the age of the sedimentary hiatus and its geological significance, a study of the calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy was carried out. Detailed strutigraphical data of the Late Oligocene-Eariy Miocene diagnostic species thus obtained. The nannofossil zonation of this interval was subdivided and the Oligocene-Miocene boundary was further determined. Several last Late Oligocene events were recognized, indicating a long-term sedimentary hiatus in the uppermost Upper Oligocene.The time span of the hiatus was estimated for about 2.2 Ma, at least from 23. 9 to 26. 1 Ma. The lithological and geophysical data from Site 1148 indicate some abrupt sedimentary changes that occurred below and above the hiatus. This hiatus at Site 1148 was probably related to the tectonic change, a major ridg ejmnp during the seafloor spreading in the Late Oligocene South China Sea.     

Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program

An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction.A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859–861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults.The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding.     

Contrasting Cooling Rates in the Lower Oceanic Crust at Fast- and Slow-spreading Ridges Revealed by Geospeedometry

Two approaches to determining the high-temperature (1000°Cto 600°C) cooling rate of the lower oceanic crust and uppermantle are presented and critically evaluated. The first isbased on the down-temperature diffusive exchange of Ca betweenolivine and clinopyroxene. The second, less well-constrained,approach is based on the down-temperature diffusive exchangeof Mg and Fe between olivine and spinel. Cooling rates basedon olivine–spinel geospeedometry are approximately anorder of magnitude faster than those from Ca-in-olivine geospeedometry.In contrast, cooling rates derived from thermochronology andremanent magnetism are approximately an order of magnitude slowerthan those derived by Ca-in-olivine geospeedometry; this isprobably because they record cooling at lower temperatures.Using the Ca-in-olivine geospeedometer, the cooling rate ofsamples from the lower oceanic crust and upper oceanic mantleformed in the Oman ophiolite and in the three main ocean basinshas been determined. Samples from the lower oceanic crust formedat fast-spreading ridges show a large decrease in cooling ratebetween the top and base of the gabbroic section, with mostof the variation occurring within the upper kilometre. Thisis consistent with vertical heat loss (within the crustal frameof reference) dominating the thermal evolution at fast-spreadingridges. Samples from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 735B, whichformed at the slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge, show novariation in cooling rate over 1500 m depth range and cooledsubstantially faster than rocks from the deeper portion of thegabbros in the Oman ophiolite, where the change in cooling ratewith depth is limited. These observations are consistent withheat loss from small plutons emplaced in cool lithosphere atthe slow-spreading ridge. Alternatively, they could be explainedby cooling through the Ca-in-olivine closure interval duringuplift towards the surface. KEY WORDS: geospeedometry; lower oceanic crust; Hess Deep; Pito Deep; ODP Hole 735B; ODP Leg 153     

A new biostratigraphic correlation for Late Cretaceous–Paleocene strata of the Gulf of Guinea: Evidence from dinoflagellate cysts

A new biostratigraphic correlation for Late Cretaceous and Palaeocene strata of the Côte d’Ivoire–Ghana continental margin has been developed from the identification of significant dinoflagellate cyst events in ODP Hole 959D. The Late Cretaceous stage boundaries are mostly consistent with previous studies. However, the Maastrichtian/Danian boundary is placed much lower than previously recognized on the basis of the first occurrences of Carpatella cornuta and Damassadinium californicum. The base of the Selandian is recognized from the last occurrence of Cerodinium diebelii and the first occurrence of Adnatosphaeridium multispinosum. The base of the Thanetian is recognized from the first occurrence of Areoligera gippingensis. The rarity of the age-marker taxa is the main reason for different age determinations among studies of the same section.