扬子板块北缘花山群沉积时代及其对Rodinia超大陆裂解的制约

出露于扬子板块北缘大洪山地区的花山群自下而上由一套以砾岩为主的粗碎屑沉积和一套以砂质板岩为主的细碎屑沉积组成,伴随有拉斑玄武质岩浆活动。花山群整体变质程度不高,形成构造环境复杂,对其构造属性及其与区内所谓的花山"蛇绿混杂岩"的时空关系一直存有争议,它们对新元古代Rodinia超大陆在扬子板块北缘的汇聚-裂解响应具有重要的制约意义。笔者在花山群六房咀组下部细砂岩中采集玄武质熔结凝灰岩夹层样品1件,碎屑岩样品2件,在上覆地层南华系莲沱组采集碎屑岩样品1件;对玄武质熔结凝灰岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素测年,对碎屑岩样品进行了LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb同位素测年。获得玄武质熔结凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄814.7±7.3 Ma;花山群的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱存在三个明显的峰值:~900 Ma、~2050Ma和~2650 Ma,最显著峰值为~2650 Ma,上覆莲沱组碎屑岩年龄谱的三个峰值为:~900 Ma、~2050 Ma和~2500 Ma,最显著峰值为~2050Ma,三件碎屑岩样品均与扬子板块的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄统计峰值一致。花山群的碎屑源区可能包括下伏中元古代打鼓石群、太古宙鱼洞子杂岩以及崆岭杂岩。结合前人年代学研究资料和区域构造成果分析,花山群沉积时代应为820~815Ma,形成于伸展构造背景,与花山"蛇绿混杂岩"不是同期同构造背景的产物;花山"蛇绿混杂岩"与花山群沉积建造依次反映了扬子板块北缘由挤压构造背景向伸展构造背景的转换过程。花山群中的碎屑沉积物与基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩属于裂解背景下形成的同时代沉积-火山建造;结合前人在扬子板块周缘发现的大量约820 Ma酸性—基性岩浆活动记录以及同时代(820~800 Ma)的沉积地层,推测花山群形成于Rodinia超大陆裂解背景之下,与超级地幔柱活动有关。     

Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Tarim Craton: Constrained by zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes of meta-igneous rocks from Korla and Dunhuang

The Tarim Craton is one of three large cratons in China. Presently, there is only scant information concerning its crustal evolutionary history because most of the existing geochronological studies have lacked a combined isotopic analysis, especially an in situ Lu–Hf isotope analysis of zircon. In this study, Precambrian basement rocks from the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks in the northeastern portion of the Tarim Craton have been analyzed for combined in situ laser ablation ICP-(MC)-MS zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic analyses, as well as whole rock elements, to constrain their protoliths, forming ages and magma sources. Two magmatic events from the Kuluketage Block at ∼2.4 Ga and ∼1.85 Ga are revealed, and three stages of magmatic events are detected in the Dunhuang Block, i.e., ∼2.0 Ga, ∼1.85 Ga and ∼1.75 Ga. The ∼1.85 Ga magmatic rocks from both areas were derived from an isotopically similar crustal source under the same tectonic settings, suggesting that the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks are part of the uniform Precambrian basement of the Tarim Craton. Zircon Hf model ages of the ∼2.4 Ga magmatism indicate that the crust of the Tarim Craton may have been formed as early as the Paleoarchean period. The ∼2.0 Ga mafic rock from the Dunhuang Block was formed in an active continental margin setting, representing an important crustal growth event of the Tarim Craton in the mid-Paleoproterozoic that coincides with the global episode of crust formation during the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. The ∼1.85 Ga event in the Kuluketage and Dunhuang Blocks primarily involved the reworking of the old crust and most likely related to the collisional event associated with the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent, while the ∼1.75 Ga magmatism in the Dunhuang Block resulted from a mixture of the reworked Archean crust with juvenile magmas and was most likely related to a post-collisional episode.     

华北克拉通南缘潘河~1.5Ga正长岩的厘定及其构造意义

华北克拉通是否曾是Columbia超大陆的组成部分并具有一致的裂解过程一直存在争议,而已知的中元古代非造山岩浆组合集中分布于华北克拉通北缘是引起有关裂解过程争论的重要原因。作者近来在华北克拉通南缘,河南省卢氏县潘河地区,厘定了一组中元古代走向近东西的正长岩脉群。正长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为1469±8Ma(MSWD=1.4)。岩石类型主要为黑云母正长岩,局部有少量霞石正长岩。岩体的SiO2变化于51.3%～65.7%之间,碱含量较高,K2O+Na2O总量8.32%～13.0%,铝含量较高(Al2O3=18.7%～20.0%),为碱性过铝质岩类。岩体轻重稀土分馏较为显著(La/Yb)N=14.5～34.5,具有显著的Eu负异常(δEu=0.2～0.3),强烈富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Nd、Tb等高场强元素,而Sr、Ti、P、Eu等元素显著亏损。岩石εHf(t)=-14.79～+8.16,Hf模式年龄为2.93～1.74Ga,指示成岩物质主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融并有地壳物质的加入。岩体形成于板内伸展构造环境,这表明华北克拉通的南缘也同时记录了华北克拉通曾经在中元古代发生过大规模的伸展作用,其伸展过程可能与Columbia超大陆的裂解有关。     

东南极晚新元古—早古生代构造热事件及其在冈瓦纳超大陆重建中的意义

在东南极大陆内部及边缘发育3条晚新元古代—早古生代造山带,即东非造山带（南延部分）、普里兹造山带和罗斯造山带。东非造山带的南延部分主要出露于吕措—霍尔姆湾—毛德王后地—沙克尔顿岭地区,其内发育蛇绿岩、榴辉岩相超镁铁岩及逆冲—推覆构造,因而被解释为东、西冈瓦纳陆块拼合的缝合线。罗斯造山带主要出露于横贯南极山脉地区,其内保存有大陆裂解、洋壳俯冲和地体增生的地质纪录,代表冈瓦纳超大陆的活动大陆边缘。普里兹造山带主要出露于普里兹湾和登曼冰川,因其位于从前假设的统一东冈瓦纳陆块的内部,加之缺少蛇绿混杂岩、岛弧增生杂岩和高压变质岩（如蓝片岩或榴辉岩）等与大洋板块俯冲作用密切相关的岩石,所以当前存在着碰撞造山成因和板内改造成因两种不同的认识。普里兹造山带构造性质的确定不仅决定了冈瓦纳超大陆的汇聚过程和方式,也制约了罗迪尼亚超大陆的形成和演化过程。因此,开展普里兹造山带的研究对于揭示新元古代—早古生代的全球构造演化具有重要的科学意义。     

康定杂岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

康定杂岩在扬子地块西缘呈南北向带状分布,这套岩石岩性变化很大(从基性到中性、酸性),中性、酸性岩是组成该杂岩的主体。岩石类型有变辉长岩、闪长质片麻岩、石英闪长质片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩。康定杂岩以往被认为是扬子地块太古宇的基底,但近年来的同位素年龄测定结果表明其并不是形成于太古宙。本研究样品采自康定-泸定地区,挑选有代表性的两个样(样号71704.2、71501.1),对其进行岩石化学与微量元素分析及SHRIMP U-Pb测年。分析得出样品为钙碱性;原始地幔标准化微量元素分布型式显示相对富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P等;稀土元素具有略向右倾的配分型式,且铕异常不明显,显示其具有与消减作用有关的岛弧火成岩的特征。锆石U-Pb分析给出的结晶年龄为765～771 Ma,w(Th)/w(U)大于0.1,具示岩浆成因特征。个别年轻的锆石颗粒,如71704.2中的12.1测点年龄为(430±8)Ma,可能是在后期构造、岩浆、变质作用中新形成的锆石,该年龄可解释为后期变质热事件的年龄。这些充分说明康定杂岩形成于新元古代,而非太古宙。此外,康定杂岩可能形成于岛弧环境,其岩浆主要起源于俯冲洋壳的熔融,结合其形成年龄说明扬子地块西缘新元古代岩浆活动可能是Rodinia超大陆裂解后的产物。     

全球前寒武纪基底构造格局与古大陆再造问题

全球前寒武纪基底构造格架与构造单元的划分是古大陆再造和泛大陆拼合的重要基础.本文整理了基底构造单元的级别体系, 以晋宁期和印支期为准, 提出了一级构造域、二级陆台及地区和三级陆核、地块等3级划分.分出了5个一级、14个二级和若干个三级单元, 并予以系统编号, 以便查询和增修.认为超大陆是泛大陆的组成部分, 现在重点研究的罗迪尼亚超大陆已经涉及全球, 进入了泛大陆-850的研究范围.论证了中国3个陆台和华夏地区在新元古代晋宁期的位置关系, 认为它们相距不远, 并部分相互碰撞, 构成亚洲中轴(大华夏)构造域.讨论了罗迪尼亚的流行模式及SWEAT连接问题.指出新元古代Chuaria Tawuia宏观藻组合在东亚和北美西部的分布, 认为大华夏构造域应作为一个松散的整体与劳伦古大陆相邻, 并概略讨论了泛大陆-850的再造格局特征.提出了经过改进的泛大陆-250在中二叠世(280257 Ma)的再造模式, 讨论了古植物和海生动物生物地理分区在古大陆再造中的意义.      

鄂东北麻城两路口地区新元古代变质岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

鄂东北麻城两路口地区位于北大别杂岩带南部,对该区变质岩的研究有重要的古构造和古气候环境意义。本文对该地区6个变质岩样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。结果显示,3个花岗质片麻岩和1个变质浅色花岗岩样品得到742±38~805±7 Ma的年龄,而2个斜长角闪岩样品则得到793±11~843±72Ma的年龄。其中1个斜长角闪岩样品的年龄值(793 11 Ma)与花岗质片麻岩和变质花岗岩样品的年龄值(792~805 Ma)在误差范围内一致,表明该区存在新元古代双峰式岩浆活动。秦岭(北秦岭、武当地区)–桐柏、大别和苏鲁造山带几近同时的新元古代岩浆作用表明它们在新元古代时可能是统一整体,且属于扬子陆块的组成部分;大别-苏鲁造山带新元古代岩浆岩的形成可能与Rodinia超大陆裂解、雪球地球事件和裂谷作用相关。     

Nature and Evolution of Pre-Neoproterozoic Continental Crust in South China: A Review and Tectonic Implications

South China as an amalgamation of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks is composed of Archean to Mesoproterozoic basement overlain by Neoproterozoic and younger cover. Both the constituent Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks contain well-preserved Neoproterozoic rocks that have been extensively studied in terms of the age and tectonic nature, but less is known about their earlier crustal history due to the incomplete rock record. Recent efforts in investigating the yet survived crustal nature based on isotopic and elemental signatures preserved in igneous and sedimentary rocks have steadily improved our knowledge about the pre-Neoproterozoic continental crustal evolution in South China. In this paper, we summarize the up-to-date pre-Neoproterozoic records, including petrological, geochronological, geochemical and geophysical data, across South China, and discuss its spatiotemporal patterns of the pre-Neoproterozoic crust and the relevant tectonic events. While the xenocrystic/inherited and detrital zircon records suggest widespread Archean (mainly ca. 2.5 Ga) crustal components within both the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, exposed Archean rocks are only limited to isolated crustal provinces in the Yangtze Block. These Archean rocks are dominated by TTGs (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with varied ages (3.3–2.5 Ga) and zircon Hf isotopes, indicating a compositionally heterogeneous nature of the Archean Yangtze Block and, by inference, the development of multiple ancient terranes. The early Paleoproterozoic (2.4–2.2 Ga) tectonomagmatic events characterize the western Yangtze Block and are supportive of an east-west subdivision of the Yangtze basement, whereas the late Paleoproterozoic (2.1–1.7 Ga) orogeneses may have affected a larger area covering both the western and eastern parts of the Yangtze Block, and also the Cathaysia Block. The eastern Yangtze Block with generally northeastward-younging late Paleoproterozoic magmatism and metamorphism likely experienced a prolonged 2.05–1.75 Ga orogenic process welding the various Archean proto-continents, consistent with the documentation of a buried late Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt imaged by deep seismic profiling from its central part and of a slightly older ophiolitic mélange in the northern part. The Cathaysia Block was probably involved in a short-lived 1.9–1.8 Ga orogenic event. The two orogeneses overlapped in time and may have contributed to the cratonization of a possible unified South China, and are referred to be linked with the assembly of the Nuna Supercontinent. The subsequent late Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic rift successions and intrusions (1.7–1.5 Ga) in the southwestern Yangtze Block, and the ca. 1.43 Ga rifting in Hainan Island of the Cathaysia Block could be responses to the Nuna break-up. Late Mesoproterozoic (1.2–1.0 Ga) magmatism of varied age and nature in different localities of the Yangtze Block is reflective of a complex tectonic process in the context of the assembly of the Rodinia Supercontinent. Similar-aged metamorphism (1.3–1.0 Ga) is recorded in Hainan Island, reflecting the Grenvillian continental collision during the Rodinia assembly, but further studies are necessary to better constrain the late Mesoproterozoic tectonic framework of South China.     

Radiating 1.0 Ga Mafic Dyke Swarms of Eastern Brazil and Western Africa: Evidence of Post-Assembly Extension in the Rodinia Supercontinent?

Several mafic dyke swarms of similar composition and age (tholeiite- ca.1.0 Ga) occur on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in eastern South America and western Africa. When assembled to their pre-drift position in the Mesozoic, the Brazilian coastal dyke province of Bahia, and the African dykes in Cameroun (Ebolowa suite) and Congo (Comba and Sembe-Ouesso provinces) define a giant radiating pattern (1200 km × 800 km) similar to other dyke swarms elsewhere associated with large-scale continental rifting. Magma flow indicators of the Brazilian dykes and branching propagation styles of their African counterparts indicate that the dyke conduits were fed with magmas diverging from a source beneath the long axis of the Meso-Neoproterozoic West-Congolian Basin in Africa. There, MORB-like metabasalts have been described in the La Bikossi Group of the Mayombian Supergroup. Whether the rifting event and intrusion of dyke swarms were triggered or not by a mantle plume beneath part of the Rodinia subcontinental lithosphere remain to be confirmed.     

Rodinia超大陆构造演化研究的新进展和主要目标

概略评述了1997年以来国际上有关Rodinia超大陆构造演化问题的研究成果，并提出今后工作的主要目标。Rodinia超大陆的聚合造山发生在1300－1000Ma，基本形式表现为早期弧一陆碰撞和晚期陆－陆碰撞，并在1000－900Ma继以伸展作用。Rodinia超大陆的裂解发生于830Ma之后，但其过程具有明显的时，空分布不均一性，地幔柱可能是导致超大陆裂解的主要机制，大火成岩省”是地幔柱发育的关键性标志，已经初步证实裂解过程影响地球大气圈和水圈中二氧化碳的循环，进而改变晚前寒武纪的全球气候，控制生物圈的兴衰和岩石圈表层的碳酸盐，铁，锰和磷等沉积，这些现象可用“雪球化地球”（Snowball Earth)模式概括。