Formation conditions of landslide dams triggered by incision of mine waste accumulations

The erosion and delivery processes of mine waste accumulations were reproduced through flume tests under 13 different experimental condition sets. Analysis of the flume test results showed that different scale model landslides, induced by the incision of mine waste accumulations, slipped into the channel and caused complete or partial blockages, with 28 complete blockages and 122 partial blockages observed during the flume tests. The failure of these temporary landslide dams amplified the peak discharge significantly, with the amplification more obvious when caused by the failure of a complete blockage compared to a partial blockage under the same experimental conditions. In order to explore the threshold conditions of a complete blockage, a new blockage index(Ibs) was developed to represent the degree of blockage. It was found that the threshold value of the blockage index for a complete blockage was around Ibs=4.0. What's more, there was a significant negative correlation between the blockage index and the amplification coefficient of peak discharge caused by the failure of a landslide dam.These preliminary results are intended to provide a scientific basis for future research on the disaster prevention and mitigation of mine waste debris flows, as the processes and mechanisms underlying the erosion and delivery of mine waste accumulations by upstream flows along a gully have not yet been clearly identified.     

GIS,multi‐criteria and multi‐factor spatial analysis for the probability assessment of the existence of illegal landfills

This work deals with the identification of potentially contaminated areas using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and multi‐criteria spatial analysis. The identification of unknown illegal landfills is a crucial environmental problem in all developed and developing countries, where a large number of illegal waste deposits exist as a result of fast, and relatively unregulated, industrial growth over the past century. The criteria used to perform the spatial analysis are here selected by considering the characteristics which are ‘desirable’ for an illegal waste disposal site, chiefly related to the existence of roads for easy access and to a low population density which facilitates unnoticed dumping of illegal waste materials. A large dataset describing known legal and illegal landfills and the context of their location (population, road network, etc.) was used to perform a spatial statistical analysis to select factors and criteria allowing for the identification of the known waste deposits. The final result is a map describing the likelihood of an illegal waste deposit to be located at any arbitrary location. Such a probability map is then used together with remote sensing techniques to narrow down the set of possibly contaminated sites (Silvestri and Omri, 2008 Silvestri, S. and Omri, M. 2008. A method for the remote sensing identification of uncontrolled landfills: formulation and validation.. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(4): 975–989. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), which are candidates for further analyses and field investigations. The importance of the integration of GIS and remote sensing is highlighted and represents a key instrument for environmental management and for the spatially‐distributed characterization of possible uncontrolled landfill sites.     

胶州湾东岸娄山河李村河附近海域水质变化预测

利用二维有限元方法对胶州湾海域潮流场数值模拟正确的基础上,建立了胶州湾东岸娄山河、李村河附近海域水质预测模型,并利用该海域水质现状监测资料对预测模型进行了验证,然后根据娄山河污水处理厂一期和李村河污水处理厂二期201O年工程建成后的运行情况,预测了其附近海域的水质。预测结果表明,在污水处理厂正常运行情况下,COD大于3.0mg/L的海域面积约为0.26 km~2.无超四类海水水质标准的区域,其附近海域水质状况比现状有较大改善;但是在事故情况下,各河口附近海域水质变差,超四类最大面积分别达到0.84km~2和0.54km~2,比现状增加0.53km~2和0.23km~2。     

油水双相饱和孔隙模型核磁特性理论研究

利用特征函数展开方法，给出了基于扩散效应的核磁共振Bloch控制方程的弛豫模式解表达式, 在此基础上分别给出了水饱和与油水双相饱和孔隙模型的核磁共振特性模拟结果. 结果表明，孔隙流体的核磁弛豫与孔隙大小、孔隙表面弛豫率、孔隙流体的扩散能力以及含油饱和度等有密切的关系. 对于水饱和孔隙，弛豫时间主要由孔隙大小控制. 当孔隙较大时，即使均匀大小孔隙，孔隙流体的弛豫也会表现为多指数弛豫. 而且最小模式弛豫时间与孔隙大小为非线性关系. 对于油水双相饱和孔隙，在孔隙较小时，含油饱和度对弛豫的影响主要表现在弛豫时间随含油饱和度的增加而线性减小；但在孔隙较大时，含油饱和度的增加对弛豫影响表现在两个方面，其一，孔隙水弛豫由多个弛豫模式控制逐渐转变为由最小弛豫模式控制；其二，孔隙水弛豫时间与含油饱和度表现为非线性关系. 对由实际岩芯抽象出的孔隙模型，采用本文获得的理论公式，在油水双相饱和时进行了正反演模拟. 计算结果与已有的实验结果较为一致.     

堰塞湖应急处置实践与认识

堰塞湖是由于山体滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等堵塞河道形成的没有经过专门设计、没有专门的泄水设施的湖泊,一旦溃决,容易给下游造成巨大的灾难。分析了堰塞湖的成因、溃决机理与风险判断,提出堰塞湖应急处置的原则、理念、阶段与处置方法,总结了堰塞湖应急处置中的一些经验和认识。以四川省汶川特大地震形成的堰塞湖应急处置为例,从可能溃决方式、溃坝洪水、应急除险总体方案、开渠引流方案和除险效果等方面,介绍了唐家山堰塞湖的应急处置实践,并简要介绍了其它一些堰塞湖应急处置。     

GLOBAL sensitivity analysis,GIS and multi‐criteria evaluation for a sustainable planning of a hazardous waste disposal site in Spain

A novel application of Sensitivity Analysis is presented. Useful applications of Global SA (GSA) already exist in the field of numerical modelling. In this paper, we explore the joint use of GSA, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Multi‐Criteria Evaluation. In this preliminary case study, 11 factors have been used to find the best place to locate a hazardous waste landfill. Two variance‐based methods (Sobol' and E‐FAST) are used to compute sensitivity indices in order to identify the factors that determine the variance of the model output. The results show that only three factors jointly account for 97% of the output variance. This information is employed to make a simplification of the original model, retaining only these three influential factors. In addition, if the SA is carried out in a pilot area where the spatial properties are similar to those of the whole region, we can infer the results to the whole area. This procedure achieves the goal of the study with an optimized allocation of resources for GIS data acquisition.     

全球油气开采诱发地震的研究现状与对策

人工诱发地震现象已经有很久的历史.水库蓄水、采矿、地热开发、从地下提取液体或气体,或将液体注入地球内部都可能诱发地震.大量地震监测数据与科学分析结果显示:美国俄克拉何马州的地震剧增主要与页岩油气开采的废水回注量相关;加拿大阿尔伯塔省的地震剧增主要与页岩油气开采水力压裂的工作量相关;而荷兰罗宁根天然气田的传统天然气开采也同样诱发了较强的地震活动.在中国四川盆地的页岩油气开发区域,地震活动近几年也大幅度增强,但目前监测与科研工作较少,对某些地震成因尚有争议.目前研究诱发地震问题已成为学术界与工业界的一门专业学科.推断诱发地震,除了分析时空分布与工业活动的相关性之外,本文综述了该领域基于地震学、地质动力学、构造地质学的多种分析方法.如何在油气开采过程中减少诱发地震的灾害影响成为当前相关各界极为关注的科研问题,本文介绍了多个国家或地区建立的控制诱发地震的管理系统、基于地震大数据的诱发地震概率预测方法,以及基于地球物理与地质信息的综合诱发地震风险评估方法,并对我国控制诱发地震问题提出建设性意见.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场浅论

城市生活垃圾的处理为城市管理的一大难题 ,垃圾填埋场地的合理选择与布局直接关系到场地四周的环境质量。加强场址的地质环境研究工作 ,有助于防止和减少填埋场对地质环境及生态环境的危害。     

CLAIRE: First light for a gamma-ray lens

The objective of the R&D project CLAIRE was to prove the principle of a gamma-ray lens for nuclear astrophysics. CLAIRE's Laue diffraction lens has a diameter of 45 cm and a focal length of 277 cm; 556 germanium-silicon crystals are tuned to focus 170 keV photons onto a 1.5 cm diameter focal spot. Laboratory measurements of the individual crystals and the entire lens have been used to validate a numerical model that we use to estimate the lens performance for a source at infinity. During a stratospheric balloon flight on 2001 June 14, CLAIRE was directed at the Crab nebula by a pointing system able to stabilize the lens to within a few arcseconds of the target. In 72 min of valid pointing time, 33 photons from the Crab were detected in the 3 keV bandpass of the lens: CLAIRE's first light! The performance of CLAIRE's gamma-ray lens, namely the peak reflectivity for a polychromatic source (9±1%), has been confirmed by ground data obtained on a 205 meter long test range. CLAIRE's measured performance validates the principle of a Laue lens for nuclear astrophysics, opening the way for a space-borne gamma-ray lens telescope that will achieve one to two orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity over present technologies.     

地震作用下某工程边坡动力稳定性数值模拟

以某工程边坡为例,采用人工合成地震动为输入条件,运用FLAC2D进行边坡岩体的全时程动力分析,探讨地震作用下边坡岩体的动力响应规律及稳定性。数值模拟结果表明:在地震动力作用下,边坡发生大变形(大于3.0m),塑性区沿覆盖层与基岩界面分布,界面岩土体发生塑性破坏,会发生整体性的远程滑动,必须采取措施进行综合治理,这一结论对处置库的选择和建设具有重要的工程应用价值。