Biological response to coastal upwelling and dust deposition in the area off Northwest Africa

Nutrient supply in the area off Northwest Africa is mainly regulated by two processes, coastal upwelling and deposition of Saharan dust. In the present study, both processes were analyzed and evaluated by different methods, including cross-correlation, multiple correlation, and event statistics, using remotely sensed proxies of the period from 2000 to 2008 to investigate their influence on the marine environment. The remotely sensed chlorophyll-a concentration was used as a proxy for the phytoplankton biomass stimulated by nutrient supply into the euphotic zone from deeper water layers and from the atmosphere. Satellite-derived alongshore wind stress and sea-surface temperature were applied as proxies for the strength and reflection of coastal upwelling processes. The westward wind and the dust component of the aerosol optical depth describe the transport direction of atmospheric dust and the atmospheric dust column load.     

中国西北部成矿地质特征及找矿新发现

西北地区地处中亚构造域和特提斯构造域的交汇处,中间夹有塔里木克拉通和华北克拉通的西段。地质历史上,两个克拉通及其裂解的微陆块的形成和运动史,基本约束了中国西北部的构造发展历程。围绕克拉通及微陆块的显生宙造山带基本是其周缘增生的结果,由于大陆运移,其他大陆边缘增生的产物,在早三叠世(210 Ma)大陆汇聚中也添加了进来,这些造山带及其陆块边缘的增生是西北各种内生金属矿床的重要形成背景。同时,新元古代、晚古生代陆内与地幔柱有关的大火成岩省的发育,为铜镍等重要矿床的形成提供了条件。此外,在克拉通及其微陆块形成和后期的叠生盆地中,形成了重要的沉积和沉积变质矿床。西北地区近年来重要找矿发现,不断印证了西北克拉通边缘板块构造增生和板内幔源构造岩浆作用成矿的特点,并对传统的地质背景构造认识提出了挑战。这其中,最具经济价值和地质意义的是3个超大型金属矿床的发现:西天山早石炭世阿吾拉勒火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床、东昆仑早泥盆世夏日哈木岩浆深部熔离-贯入型铜镍矿床和西昆仑侏罗—白垩纪火烧云构造热液型铅锌矿床。阿吾拉勒磁铁矿矿床是中国首例火山-次火山岩浆喷溢型磁铁矿矿床,可与智利的拉科超大型典型磁铁矿矿床对比,且更具有经济价值,该矿床的勘查和研究为深入理解中亚造山带天山及其邻区石炭纪裂谷型火山岩浆作用与成矿提供了研究的范例;夏日哈木铜镍矿是中国近年来最重要的铜镍矿发现,探明镍资源量已达百万吨以上,该矿床的发现为查明中国早古生代末期新的岩浆铜镍成矿事件及其找矿潜力提供了研究新区;火烧云铅锌矿床是新近发现的具有超大型资源潜力的铅锌矿床,也是喀喇昆仑—三江造山带中蕴藏的中新生代巨型铅锌成矿带上最重要的成矿发现,为深化研究青藏高原东北缘巨型铅锌成矿带的成矿物质来源和构造控矿机制提供了新的基地。     

Formation and Evolution of a Paleosol across the Lower Silurian-Lower Permian Boundary in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China and Its Paleoenvironment and Paleoclimate Implications

This paper presents a set of bulk geochemical and mineralogical data from a paleoweathering profile located in Zunyi District, Northern Guizhou, China. It was formed at the top of the Hanjiadian Formation of the Lower Silurian. A truncated, argillic, gleyed, kryptic paleospodosol is recognized in the paleoweathering profile. Ratios of immobile elements (Ti/Zr, Ti/Al) and their binary (e.g., Nb vs. Zr/TiO2 and Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc), triangular diagrams (La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10, Zr-Cr-Ga) reflect that the Gaojiayan paleosol is the product of in-situ weathering of gray-green silty mudstone of the underlying Hanjiadian Formation. Mass balance calculations indicate K enrichment and Na enrichment in the upper and lower portions of paleosol, respectively. These findings both are the results of transgression, which brings substantial concentrations of such elements as K, Na, and Sr. In particular, K enrichment is achieved by the illitization of kaolinite. The biological processes of terrestrial vascular plants also enhance K concentration, especially at the top of the paleosol. Na enrichment is a consequence of albitization and/or adsorption by clay minerals through cation exchange. The mass distributions and relative mass changes of rare earth elements (REEs) in the studied profile display characteristics of vertical zonation. Three peaks in total REEs content are observed, indicating two paleoclimatic or paleoenvironmental changes. Mineralogical characteristics indicate that the paleoclimate changed first from warm and humid to cold and dry and later, to dry and lightly warmer. The corresponding soil environment varies from weakly acidic to strongly alkaline and later, to weakly acidic. Mass translocation characteristics of REEs and several transition metals suggest that the Gaojiayan paleosol may have undergone top erosion.     

贵州省六盘水市钟山区地质灾害危险性模糊评判

贵州省六盘水市钟山区为地质灾害典型区,但以往地质灾害研究方面工作程度相对较低,影响了该区地质灾害的有效防治和社会发展规划的有序进行。本文在钟山区地质灾害规划现状调查的基础上,总结了该区地质灾害形成原因和影响因素,最终选取地形坡度、岩组结构、植被覆盖率、人类工程活动、降雨量、地震共六个主要地质灾害影响因素作为评价因素集,利用灰色关联度法确定各影响因子的权重,运用模糊综合评判方法对钟山区内每个网格单元进行模糊综合评判,根据最大隶属度原则得出每个网格单元的隶属度值作为危险性评价结果,按照地质灾害危险性等级对该区进行危险性定量区划。此区划评价结果可供今后该区地质灾害防治、发展规划参考。     

贵州务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床地质特征

研究表明[2~5],铝土矿产于中下志留统韩家店组(S1-2hj)页岩或上石炭统黄龙组(C2h)灰岩侵蚀面上,含矿层位为中二叠统梁山组(P2l),赋矿围岩主要为炭质页岩和铝土质页岩,分布受向斜构造控制,含矿岩系厚度与铝土矿层厚度、铝土矿石质量关系密切;矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。     

贵州“三稀”元素矿床特征及找矿前景分析

＂三稀＂元素是现代高精尖科学技术重要的战略资源。本文总结和分析了贵州典型＂三稀＂元素矿床的基本特征,将＂三稀＂元素矿床划分为沉积、热液和岩浆作用3种成因和9个类型,并对不同类型矿床的资源潜力进行了探讨。分析认为,沉积、热液成因＂三稀＂元素矿床是地质找矿重点,黑色岩系型、含煤岩系型、铝铁岩系型、磷块岩系型＂三稀＂元素矿床具有重大资源潜力,铅锌矿型、汞锑金矿型＂三稀＂元素矿床具有富集度高和独立成矿优势。对现有优势矿床及其含矿岩系开展＂三稀＂元素资源潜力的再评价是发现共（伴）生＂三稀＂矿产的有效途径,也是构建资源节约型、环境保护型社会的时代要求。     

Quantitative assessment of dissolved radiotracers in the English Channel: Sources, average impact of la Hague reprocessing plant and conservative behaviour (1983, 1986, 1988, 1994)

Knowledge of long-term movements of water-masses in the English Channel has been substantially improved using hydrodynamic modelling coupled with radio-tracers studies; nevertheless, the precision of results so obtained is still largely dependent on measurement precision. New tools are now available to make more accurate determinations of radio-tracer distribution: (1) Repositioning of station locations at the same tide reference-time, giving a homogeneous spatial data set, coupled with the possibility of interpolating and quantifying the amounts of dissolved radioactivity flowing through the English Channel; (2) the first measurements of tritium (³H) in seawater on a large scale in the English Channel demonstrate that this fully conservative radionuclide is a clearly identifiable marker of industrial releases; (3) recent campaigns carried out during the FLUXMANCHE II CCE (1994) programme show the general distribution of dissolved radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ⁶⁰Co, ¹²⁵Sb, ¹⁰⁶Ru and ³H in the English Channel and the Irish Sea; and (4) the re-utilisation of data from previous campaigns (1983, 1986, 1988) provides indications, at any given location in the English Channel, about the average dilution and distribution of releases derived from the La Hague reprocessing plant. Excesses and losses of radionuclides are now quantified with respect to known source terms; estimates of losses are provided for non-conservative radionuclides, while an excess of ¹³⁷Cs was observed in the English Channel during the period 1983–1994. This excess, which has the same order of magnitude as the quantities released from La Hague plant in the English Channel, could be explained by about 1% of the Sellafield reprocessing plant releases entering the Channel. These results confirm and give a more detailed picture of the previously known distribution of water masses in the English Channel. They lead to clear information about transit times and dilution at this scale, and provide directly comparable data for the validation of hydrodynamic models.     

西北地区东部季节干旱的时空变化特征分析

干旱作为我国西北地区东部影响最大的气象灾害, 可引起农业减产、水资源短缺、土地荒漠化和生态环境恶化等严重问题.在国家新一轮西部大开发战略实施之初, 在全球气候变暖背景下, 有必要对干旱发展的最新特征和演变趋势进行详细分析研究, 为加强防旱、抗旱,促进经济发展提供科学决策依据和参考.采用国家干旱标准综合干旱指数(CI指数), 利用西北地区东部74个气象代表站逐日气温、降水资料, 分析了西北地区东部不同级别干旱日数在各个季节的时空分布和变化趋势. 结果表明: 在气候变暖背景下, 西北地区东部从长期趋势看, 春、夏、秋季干旱呈加剧趋势, 冬季干旱呈减轻趋势. 21世纪以来春、夏季干旱进一步加剧, 尤其是夏季加剧更显著, 而秋、冬季干旱出现了减弱的新趋势. 在西北地区东部主降水期3-11月重-特旱加剧趋势比轻-中旱加剧显著, 南部干旱化趋势比北部更加明显. 尤其是宁夏同心地区春旱加剧非常显著, 已成为西北地区东部重-特旱最严重的地区.对于干旱发展的这一新动态, 必须引起有关部门的高度重视, 采取科学、有效手段加强防旱、抗旱.     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组含磷岩系沉积序列及磷块岩的形成

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩为碳酸盐岩型含磷岩系,属于浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积区。对瓮安磷矿大塘剖面进行沉积环境研究,将Marinoan冰期后沉积的陡山沱组地层分为6个向上变浅的沉积序列。瓮安含磷岩系大部分为多旋回的叠置体,其常见的交错层理、波状层理、透镜状层理等表明了磷块岩形成于水体较浅的高能环境。南沱冰期后,陡山沱期剧烈的海侵作用引发上升洋流,携带富磷海水涌入浅水区,在海平面间歇性波动的条件下,为磷块岩的形成提供了物源与动力条件。     

Remote forcing of Indian Ocean warming on Northwest Pacific during E1 Nino decaying years： a FOAM model approach

This paper attempts to analyze in detail the remote influence of the Indian Ocean Basin warming on the Northwest Pacific （NWP） during the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Observation data and the Fast Ocean- Atmosphere coupled Model 1.5 were used to investigate the triggering conditions under which the remote influence is formed between the positive sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly in the North Indian Ocean and the Anomalous Northwest Pacific anticyclone （ANWPA）. Our research show that it is only when there is a contributory background wind field over the Indian Ocean, i,e., when the Indian Summer Monsoon （ISM） reaches its peak, that the warmer SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean incites significant easterly wind anomalies in the lower atmosphere of the Indo-West tropical Pacific. This then produces the remote influence on the ANWPA. Therefore, the SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean might interfere with the prediction of the East Asia Summer Monsoon in the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Both the sustaining effect of local negative SST anomalies in the NWP, and the remote effect of positive SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean on the ANWPA, should be considered in further research.