我国北方地区冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估

选取我国粮食重要生产区——北方冬麦区作为研究区,基于干旱灾害对作物产量的影响开展冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估和区划。在确定干旱灾害危险性指标过程中,通过对比分析MCI、CWDIa、CI、Pa及Ma干旱指数的适应性,确定了干旱灾害风险危险性指数;在分析北方冬麦区干旱背景和脆弱性时,考虑了冬麦区的地形、土壤类型、土壤有效持水量、河网水系、灌溉条件、降水量及干燥度等环境因素,以及冬小麦的耕地面积、播种面积、主要生育期的水分敏感系数、历史产量等。与以往致灾因子危险性分析方法不同,本文首先建立了干旱指标与冬小麦减产率之间的关系,通过减产率等级来确定干旱致灾临界阈值,在此基础上计算分析了冬小麦全生育期和6个关键生育期不同等级干旱发生的频率。综合考虑干旱发生的危险性、不同地区干旱背景和脆弱性,建立了我国北方冬麦区全生育期和6个关键生育期的干旱灾害风险评估模型和区划方法,实现了我国北方冬麦区干旱灾害的风险评估和区划。结果表明,MCI更能反映北方冬麦区干旱的特征,故以MCI指数作为干旱灾害风险危险性指数;我国北方冬麦区中北部的干旱灾害风险较高,应该加强防旱抗旱能力建设,南部地区包括苏皖和河南东南部的干旱灾害风险较小。本文建立的北方冬麦区不同生育期干旱灾害风险评估模型可应用于干旱灾害风险动态评估实时业务中。     

大别山北麓钼矿床地质特征和地球动力学背景

大别造山带北麓新发现有大、中型钼矿床(点)十余个,是继东秦岭和东北钼矿带后又一重要钼金属矿集区.本文总结了大别山北麓钼矿床的地质特征,包括时空分布、成因类型等.大别山地区的钼矿床多沿NW向区域性断裂构造带发育,集中于晓天-磨子潭断裂以北;矿床产出受NW向与NE向断裂交汇部位控制,对赋矿围岩无选择性.钼矿化与燕山期高钾花岗质斑岩体密切相关,矿体产于岩体内部和/或接触带围岩中.矿化类型以斑岩型为主,次为矽卡岩型、热液脉型及爆破角砾岩型.成矿过程普遍具有四阶段性,成矿流体以高温、高盐度、富CO2为普遍特征.辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄集中于110～ 130Ma,且从西向东变新;钼矿床和相关花岗岩类侵入体形成于岩石圈碰撞缩短加厚之后的伸展减薄地球动力学背景.     

大别山北麓斑岩型钼矿床成矿地质条件及矿床成因

大别山北麓位于华北地块与扬子地块交接部位,属秦岭褶皱带东延部分。区内龟(山)—梅(山)断裂、桐(柏)—商(城)断裂与NE向断裂共同控制着大别山北麓地区岩体的分布,燕山期中酸性小岩体是斑岩型钼矿床的成矿母岩,不同物理化学性质的地层围岩在一定程度上影响矿化强度和矿床产出形式。通过典型矿床地质特征、成矿地质条件的剖析以及矿床成因的分析,认为大别山北麓地区斑岩型矿床具有相同的成因。钼矿床的成矿流体主要为高温、高盐度的流体,成矿物质来源于斑岩体,而成矿斑岩体为中国中东部伸展构造体制下岩石圈减薄、下地壳部分熔融的产物。在相同的构造-岩浆及成矿作用下,在不同的地质部位和空间环境中形成了多种型式的斑岩型铜钼矿床,成为中国东部中生代大规模金属成矿作用的一部分。     

18世纪以来塔里木河干流河道变化及其与人类活动的关系

 塔里木河是南疆主要的经济生活水源,其河道变化会引起绿洲变化,从而导致人类活动发生变化。学者虽对历史时期的塔河变化有研究,但对18世纪以来的河道变化缺乏细致的研究,这一时期是人类活动对环境影响日益增多的时期。在野外考察基础上,借助历史文献、历史地图对塔河干流沙雅以上和以下段分别进行研究,结果显示,18世纪20年代,塔河干流分南河、北河; 18世纪50年代,南河与北河合为一条,沿北河位置行水; 至19世纪10年代,塔河干流南移,在南河(即大干河)位置行水; 以后至20世纪10年代,沙雅及其以上河段再次北移,沿北河位置行水,以下河段仍沿南河位置行水,称叶尔羌河或塔里木河。至迟在40年代中期,沙雅以下河段向北迁移,沿渭干河行水,形成现代塔里木河河道。20世纪以前河道变化主要受自然气候变化所导致的河水量变化及河流自身运行规律影响比较大,在河道淤积基础上,水量变化是河流改道的主要原因; 以后受人类农业生产的影响日益加大。     

Alluvial terraces on the Ionian coast of northern Calabria, southern Italy: Implications for tectonic and sea level controls

In this paper we present the results of an integrated geomorphological, pedological and stratigraphical study carried out along the Ionian coast of northern Calabria (southern Italy). This area is characterised by the occurrence of five orders of alluvial terraces that are striking features of the landscape, where large and steep catchments debouch from the mountain front to the hilly coastal belt.Field investigations indicate that the deposits of all five terraces are suggestive of shallow gravel-bed braided streams.On the basis of the age of the Pleistocene substratum and morphostratigraphic correlation with marine terraces cropping out in the nearby areas, each order has been associated to specific marine oxygen isotope stages.Consequently, we focused on the interplay of allocyclic factors influencing stream aggradation/degradation. Soil features and other climatic proxies suggest that climate didn't play an important role with respect to tectonic and base-level changes in controlling fluvial dynamics.In particular, we recognised that during the middle Pleistocene the study area experienced a period of subaerial landscape modelling, as suggested by the thick and complex alluvial sequence of the highest terrace (T1). The onset of regional uplift marks a change in the geomorphic scenario, with tectonic and eustatically driven changes in base-level working together in causing switches in fluvial aggradational/erosional phases (T2–T5 terraces). Because of the uplift, river dissection occurred during phases of sea level fall, whereas aggradation phases occurred during periods of climate amelioration (sea level rise) just before highstands were attained.As a consequence, the stepped terraces in the study area reflect the interplay between tectonics (uplift) and sea level changes, in which terraces define episodes of relative sea level fall during the late Quaternary.     

塔里木盆地深部流体对碳酸盐岩储层影响

塔里木盆地地质历史上发生了强烈的岩浆—火山作用,喷出岩和侵入岩在多条野外剖面上可以见到,并被大量的钻井所揭示。伴随岩浆—火山作用会有大量的深部流体活动。盆地内部众多的深大断裂,包括隐伏基底断裂和盖层基底断裂,以及与之相连的小的断裂和裂缝构成了深部流体活动的必要通道。在深部流体作用下,下古生界碳酸盐岩产生了显著的溶蚀作用,溶蚀形成密集的针状孔隙或几毫米大小的小型溶孔,这些溶蚀孔隙对碳酸盐岩储层储集空间改善有着积极的意义。除溶蚀作用外,深部流体还在碳酸盐岩的裂缝或孔隙中沉淀形成多种典型的矿物,如方解石、石英、白云石、萤石、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等;这些矿物通常以几种类型矿物组成的矿物组合出现,如在塔北的沙15井可以见到石英、白云石和萤石组合产出,在塔中的塔中45井可以见到方解石、萤石、石英组合产出,在塔中12井可以见到闪锌矿、黄铁矿和绿泥石的组合产出。深部流体作用还使断裂附近的白云岩发生重结晶作用成为浅灰色/白色的中粗晶白云岩,以塔北的沙15井和巴楚三岔口剖面的重结晶白云岩最为典型。重结晶后的白云岩产生大量的晶间孔隙;并且重结晶过程中深部流体还对白云岩产生溶蚀形成大量的溶蚀孔隙,对白云岩储层改善起着重要的作用。     

40Ar/39Ar ages of blueschist facies pelitic schists from Qingshuigou in the Northern Qilian Mountains, western China

Abstract   Pelitic schists from Qingshuigou in the Northern Qilian Mountains of China contain mainly glaucophane, garnet, white mica, clinozoisite, chlorite and piemontite. Isotopic age dating of these schists provides new constraints on the formation of the high-grade blueschists at Qingshuigou. White mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages range from 442.1 to 447.5 Ma (total fusion age of single grain) and from 445.7 to 453.9 Ma (integrated age of white mica concentrates). These ages (442.1–453.9 Ma) represent the peak metamorphic ages or cooling ages of the blueschists during exhumation shortly after peak metamorphism. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates in the present study are similar to ages previously reported for eclogites and blueschists in the area; this suggests that both the eclogites and pelitic sediments underwent high-grade metamorphism during the same subduction event. From this chronological evidence and the presence of well-developed Silurian remnant-sea flysch and Devonian molasse, it is concluded that the Northern Qilian Ocean had closed by the end of the Ordovician, and rapid orogenic uplift followed in the Devonian.     

Occurrence of Highly Mature Organic Matter in Marine Black Shale Petroleum Source Rocks of Basal Cambrian from Northern Tarim Basin, China

More and more evidence indicates that organic matter (OM) in immature organicrich sediments and sedimentary rocks is chemically adsorbed onto the outer surfaces of minerals and into interlayer (inner) surfaces of smectitic clay minerals in the form of amorphous molecular-scale carbon. But there have been few reports about the occurrence of highly mature OM in marine black shales ( petroleum source rocks ). The occurrence of highly mature OM in the black shales of basal Cambrian from northern Tarim Basin is studied in this paper. Based on the comprehensive analyses of total organic carbon contents (TOC) , maximum thermolysis tempera tures ( Tmax ) of OM, mineral surface areas (MSA) ,and scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopic (TEM) observations of the black shales, it is concluded that the highly mature OM in the marine black shales of the basal Cambrian from northern Tarim Basin occurs in particulates ranging in size from 1 to 5 μm in diameter. Through the contrast of the occurrence of the highly mature OM in the black shales with that of the immature ones in modern marine continental margin sediments, some scientific problems are proposed, which are worth to study further in detail.     

塔里木盆地晶包有机质的地球化学性质及其应用

塔里木盆地晶包有机质的地球化学性质及其应用范善发，周中毅，解启来，潘长春（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所．广州５１０６４０）关键词晶包有机质，塔里木盆地，二次生烃，生物标志物碳酸盐岩的可溶有机质主要为沥青Ａ和晶包有机质，前者是用溶剂抽提碳酸盐岩样品获得...     

沧州北部地区软土物理力学指标相关性分析研究

沧州北部地区存在一层典型的滨海相沉积类型软土,其在青县西北部、大城县东南部分布稳定而广泛,工程地质条件较差。为了更好地研究该地区软土的物理力学指标,分析各指标间的相关性,结合区域内近50个钻孔及土工试验资料,系统分析了沧州北部地区软土的工程地质性质,阐述了区内软土的分布及特性等;并利用数理统计学方法,较为客观地对区内软土物理力学指标间的相关性进行了分析与探讨,给出了各指标间的最优拟合曲线。研究结果:沧州北部地区软土多属于高液限淤泥质粘土,具有含水率高、孔隙比大、压缩性高、抗剪强度低等特点;区内软土含水率与孔隙比及含水率、孔隙比与压缩系数间存在正相关的特性,大致符合多项式回归曲线形式。