塔里木盆地中—新生界构造单元划分

塔里木盆地作为典型的多旋回叠合盆地,中生代以来经历了印支、燕山和喜山等多期构造运动,造成中—新生界构造格局与古生界构造格局差异较大.应用航磁、重力、钻井、测井以及地震等资料,获得了盆地中-新生界地层分布、区域构造变形特点和含油气性特征,兼顾基底形态和后期改造作用影响,对塔里木盆地中-新生界构造单元划分为“三坳一隆一斜坡”,即北部坳陷区、西南坳陷区、东南坳陷区、中央隆起区和东北斜坡区5个一级构造单元和11个二级构造单元.显然,该构造单元的划分对盆地中—新生界次生油气蘸和隐蔽油气藏勘探具有重要意义.     

Microbial food web contributions to bottom water hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Nutrients from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya Rivers greatly stimulate biological production in the ‘classical’ food web on the inner shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Portions of this production, especially large diatoms and zooplankton fecal pellets, sink and decompose in the bottom water, consuming oxygen and contributing to the annual development of an extensive zone of bottom water hypoxia, typically >15,000 km² since 1993. The microbial food web is also active in the Mississippi River plume, but consists of small organisms that sink slowly. This ‘recycling’ food web has not been considered as a significant contributor to vertical flux and hypoxia. However, gelatinous zooplankton, especially pelagic appendicularians such as Oikopleura dioica, mediate the conversion of microbial web organisms to organic particles with high sinking rates. When pelagic appendicularians are abundant in coastal regions of the northern Gulf of Mexico, they stimulate the rapid vertical transfer of microbial web productivity in the surface layer, which is only 5–15 m thick in the coastal hypoxic region, to the sub-pycnocline layer that becomes hypoxic each summer. In this paper we present results from two studies examining the significance of this pathway. In both 2002 and 2004, we observed high production rates of appendicularians in coastal waters. Discarded gelatinous houses and fecal pellets from the appendicularian populations often provided more than 1 g m⁻² d⁻¹ of organic carbon for the establishment and maintenance of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This source of organic matter flux is especially important in regions far from the river plumes and during periods of low river discharge. Autotrophic elements of this food web are primarily supported by recycled inorganic nutrients originating in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. Sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) supporting the heterotrophic components of this microbial food web may include in situ production, the Mississippi/Atchafalaya Rivers, and Louisiana's coastal wetlands. If significant, the latter source provides a possible link between Louisiana's high rates of coastal land loss and the large hypoxic zone observed along the coast during summer. Both of the latter DOM sources are independent of phytoplankton production stimulated by inputs of riverine inorganic nutrients.     

华北北部地区地壳三维P波速度结构的双差地震层析成像

利用区域固定台站和华北科学探测台阵记录的10 461个近震事件的183 909个Pg波绝对走时和495 753个相对走时数据,采用双差地震层析成像获得华北北部(37.5°～41.5°N,111.5°～119.5°E)范围内的地壳三维P波速度结构模型。结果表明:研究区内各主要构造单元具有明显不同的速度结构特征,速度异常的走向与区域构造的走向一致,浅层速度图像很好地反映了地表地质和岩性的变化;重定位后的大部分地震集中在0～20km的深度上,主要位于低速区的内部或高速和低速区的交界部位;三河—平谷和唐山地震震源区中、下地壳的低速异常可能是流体的显示。结合前人成果和本文模型所揭示的深、浅结构,我们认为太平洋板块在中国东部之下的俯冲和滞留引起板块脱水、软流圈物质上涌等一系列过程,软流圈热物质到达上地幔顶部并沿超壳断裂上侵进入地壳,致使上地幔顶部和下地壳中的含水矿物发生脱水作用产生流体,流体继续上移造成中、上地壳发震层的弱化,从而导致大地震的发生。因此华北北部地区的强震活动,以及地壳结构的非均匀性应是与太平洋板块俯冲、滞留引起的深部过程密切相关的。     

全球升温1.5℃时北半球多年冻土及雪水当量的响应及其变化

本文基于耦合模式比较计划第5阶段（CMIP5）的17个全球气候模式,确定了1.5℃温升（相对于1861-1880年）的发生时间,预估了全球升温1.5℃时,北半球冻土和积雪的变化,并对预估结果的不确定性进行了讨论。结果表明,全球平均地表温度在3种排放情景下（RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.5）分别于2027、2026、2023年达到1.5℃阈值。当全球升温1.5℃,北半球多年冻土南界北移1°～3.5°,冻土退化主要发生在中西伯利亚南部。多年冻土面积在全球升温1.5℃时,在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下较1986-2005年分别减少约3.43×10⁶ km²（21.12%)、3.91×10⁶ km²（24.10%）和4.15×10⁶ km²（25.55%);北半球超过一半以上的区域雪水当量减少,只在中西伯利亚地区略微增加;北美洲中部、欧洲西部以及俄罗斯西北部减少较显著,减少约40%以上。青藏高原多年冻土面积在RCP2.6、RCP4.5以及RCP8.5排放情景下分别减少0.15×10⁶ km²（7.28%)、0.18×10⁶ km²（8.74%）和0.17×10⁶ km²（8.25%)。青藏高原冬、春季雪水当量分别减少约14.9%和13.8%。     

塔里木地块库车坳陷早白垩世古地磁结果及磁倾角偏低的成因探讨

运用主成分分离及线性区段等方法,使早白垩世样品明显分离出二组磁组分.叠加剩磁为喜山期重磁化,特征剩磁明显偏离现代地磁场方向,经倾斜校正后,有很好的一致性并通过了倒转检验,给出塔里木地块库车坳陷早白垩世巴西盖组古地磁新数据.综合已有的古地磁结果,获得了塔里木地块早白垩世平均剩磁方向及平均古地磁极,阐明了塔里木地块早白垩世磁倾角明显偏低这一现象.分析导致磁倾角偏低的诸多因素,认为压实作用可能是导致磁倾角偏低的重要因素之一.     

Distribution and Significance of Carbazole Compounds in Palaeozoic Oils from the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim

Carbazole compounds in crude oils from the Tazhong uplift of the Tarim basin have been fractionated and detected and successfully used to study petroleum migration and trace source rocks in the study area. Alkylcarbazoles have been found in large amounts in the oil samples analyzed and alkylbenzocarbazoles detected in a small concentration only in part of the samples, but alkyldibenzocarbazoles have not been found in oils. Based on the distribution of G1, G2 and G3 of C2-alkylcarbazoles, the ratio of C3-carbazoles to C2-carbazoles and the relative amounts of alkylcarbazoles and alkylbenzocarbazoles, one can know that the vertical oil migration in the Tazhong uplift is generally from below upward, i.e. from the Ordovician through the Silurian to the Carboniferous. Evidently, source rocks in the uplift should be lower Palaeozoic strata (Ordovician and Cambrian). This study shows that carbazoles are of great importance in the study of petroleum migration and source rocks.     

Meteorological triggering of earthquake swarms at Mt. Hochstaufen, SE-Germany

A growing body of evidence suggests that fluids are intimately linked to a variety of faulting processes. Yet, the particular mechanisms through which fluids and associated parameters influence the stress regime and thus the seismicity of a particular area are not well understood.We carry out a study of the spatio-temporal behavior of earthquakes, fluid-related parameters (groundwater levels) and meteorological observables (precipitation) in the swarm earthquake area of Bad Reichenhall, southeastern Germany. The small volume in which the earthquakes take place, almost yearly occurring earthquake swarms and a permanent, seismo-meteorological monitoring network, provide nearly controlled experimental conditions to study the physics of earthquake swarms and to infer characteristic properties of the seismogenic crust.In this paper we (1) describe this fairly unique study area in terms of geology, seismicity and atmospheric conditions; (2) present two cases of earthquake swarms that seem to follow above-average rainfall events; and (3) examine the observed migration of hypocenters with a simple pore pressure diffusion model.We find significant correlation of seismicity with rainfall and groundwater level increase, and estimate an average hydraulic diffusivity of D = 0.75 ± 0.35 m²/s for Mt. Hochstaufen in 2002.     

Provenance of middle to late Palaeozoic sediments in the northeastern Colombian Andes: implications for Pangea reconstruction

ABSTRACT

Global-scale Palaeozoic plate tectonic reconstructions have suggested that Laurentia was obliquely approaching against the northwestern margin of Gondwana until the final agglutination of Pangea. In this contribution integrated petrographic analysis, heavy mineral analysis, and tourmaline geochemistry were done, and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology was obtained, in late Palaeozoic sedimentary and meta-sedimentary units from the Floresta and Santander Massifs in the Eastern Colombian Andes in order to constrain their provenance and related it with the magmatic, sedimentary, and deformational record of the Gondwana–Laurentia convergence until the late Carboniferous to Permian formation of Pangea. Late Devonian to early Carboniferous sandstones from the Floresta Massif changed from sublithoarenites to lithoarenites, tracking the progressive uplift and unroofing of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, with associated volcanic activity. The U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology from the sedimentary and metasedimentary of Floresta and Santander documents Mesoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic sources, and younger Ordovician to Silurian age populations, that can be related to the early to middle Palaeozoic plutonic rocks and the Amazon Craton. The limited Silurian to Early Devonian detrital ages that contrast with the more significant Middle to Late Devonian zircons that document the erosion of contemporaneous magmatic sources formed after a late Silurian to Early Devonian reduction on the magmatic activity along the proto-Andean margin. These rocks were apparently deformed and metamorphosed between the late Carboniferous and the early Permian. It is suggested that the filling and deformation record of these rocks documented the changes in plate convergence obliquity at the western margin of Gondwana associated with the migration of Laurentia until its final position in Pangea. Between the late Carboniferous and the early Permian, peri-Gondwanan continental terranes also collided with the continental margin. Over-imposed Mesozoic tectonics have contributed to the final redistribution of these terranes to their current position.

Abbreviations:LA: laser ablation inductively couple mass spectrometer; CL: cathodoluminiscence     

The Intra-Pontide ophiolites in Northern Turkey revisited:From birth to death of a Neotethyan oceanic domain

The Anatolian peninsula is a key location to study the central portion of the Neotethys Ocean(s)and to understand how its western and eastern branches were connected.One of the lesser known branches of the Mesozoic ocean(s)is preserved in the northern ophiolite suture zone exposed in Turkey,namely,the Intra-Pontide suture zone.It is located between the Sakarya terrane and the Eurasian margin(i.e.,Istanbul-Zonguldak terrane)and consists of several metamorphic and non-metamorphic units containing ophiolites produced in supra-subduction settings from the Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous.Ophiolites preserved in the metamorphic units recorded pervasive deformations and peak metamorphic conditions ranging from blueschist to eclogite facies.In the nonmetamorphic units,the complete oceanic crust sequence is preserved in tectonic units or as olistoliths in sedimentary melanges.Geochemical,structural,metamorphic and geochronological investigations performed on ophiolite-bearing units allowed the formulation of a new geodynamic model of the entire"life"of the IntraPontide oceanic basin(s).The reconstruction starts with the opening of the Intra-Pontide oceanic basins during the Late Triassic between the Sakarya and Istanbul-Zonguldak continental microplates and ends with its closure caused by two different subductions events that occurred during the upper Early Jurassic and Middle Jurassic.The continental collision between the Sakarya continental microplate and the Eurasian margin developed from the upper Early Cretaceous to the Palaeocene.The presented reconstruction is an alternative model to explain the complex and articulate geodynamic evolution that characterizes the southern margin of Eurasia during the Mesozoic era.     

河北省兴隆煤田及邻区厚皮式逆冲推覆构造与隐伏煤田问题

在地质填图的基础上，确定了兴隆煤田南部逆冲推覆构造主逆冲带的平面展布特征，认为主逆冲断层在剖面上具有浅部缓深部陡的几何特征。运用平衡剖面基本原理估算出了由逆冲推覆所造成的水平缩短量约为１３７５ｋｍ。根据本区逆冲推覆构造的几何学与运动学特征，认为在推覆体下寻找到隐伏煤田的范围是极其有限的。