从破冰船强制领航到许可证制度——俄罗斯北方海航道法律新变化分析

围绕北方海航道定义和破冰船强制领航两个重要的争议问题,详细对比了俄罗斯相关旧法律条文和2013年颁布的新法律条文,综合分析后认为:(1)在法律层面上,俄罗斯对于北方海航道属于国家历史性交通干线的立场没有改变,范围则做了明晰化的界定,新的北方海航道水域范围与俄罗斯北冰洋内水、领海及毗连区和200海里专属经济区水域范围相一致。这意味着消除了有关北方海航道北部边界是否延伸到公海的争议;(2)在规则层面上,从破冰船强制领航制度改变为许可证制度,尤其是给出了具体的、可操作和可预期的独立航行许可和不许可条件,使得外国船只在北方海航道水域的独立航行成为可能。由此得出结论:俄罗斯北方海航道政策出现了较大变化,有进一步向国际开放的政策倾向。     

Response of three krill species to hypoxia and warming: an experimental approach to oxygen minimum zones expansion in coastal ecosystems

To understand the adaptation of euphausiid (krill) species to oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), respiratory response and stress experiments combining hypoxia‐reoxygenation exposure with warming were conducted. Experimental krill species were obtained from the Antarctic (South Georgia area), the Humboldt Current System (HCS, Chilean coast) and the Northern California Current System (NCCS, Oregon). Euphausia mucronata from the HCS showed oxyconforming pO₂‐dependent respiration below 80% air saturation (18 kPa). Normoxic subsurface oxygenation in winter posed a ‘high oxygen stress’ for this species. The NCCS krill, Euphausia pacifica, and the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, maintained respiration rates constant down to low critical pO₂ values of 6 kPa (30% air saturation) and 11 kPa (55% air saturation), respectively. Antarctic krill had low antioxidant enzyme activities, but high concentrations of the molecular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and was not lethally affected by 6 h exposure to moderate hypoxia. The temperate krill species (E. pacifica) had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) values in winter than in summer, which relates to a higher winter metabolic rate. In all species, antioxidant enzyme activities remained constant during hypoxic exposure at the typical temperature for their habitat. Warming by 7 °C above habitat temperature in summer increased SOD activities and GSH levels in E. mucronata (HCS), but no oxidative damage occurred. In winter, when the NCCS is well mixed and the OMZ is deeper, +4 °C of warming combined with hypoxia represents a lethal condition for E. pacifica. In summer, when the OMZ expands upwards (100 m subsurface), antioxidant defences counteracted hypoxia and reoxygenation effects in E. pacifica, but only at mildly elevated temperature (+2 °C). In this season, experimental warming by +4 °C reduced antioxidant activities and the combination of warming with hypoxia again caused mortality of exposed specimens. We conclude that a climate change scenario combining warming and hypoxia represents a serious threat to E. pacifica and, as a consequence, NCCS food webs.     

宝应钻孔沉积物的微量元素地球化学特征及沉积环境探讨

沉积物微量元素特征对指示沉积盆地演化历史、沉积环境及沉积物的物质来源具有十分重要的示踪作用.宝应沉积物的微量和稀土元素地球化学特征印证了苏北平原物质来源具有多源性,与黄河、长江具有类似的物源,并可能受基底碱性火山岩和黄土高原粉尘物质的影响.钻孔沉积物具有轻稀土适度富集、缓右倾斜型的稀土元素配分模式,呈现Ce正异常的总体特征; 海侵段的稀土含量比陆相沉积段略低.δEu在陆相沉积中为1.16,呈微小的正异常; 在海侵沉积中为0.99,基本不显示异常.稀土元素含量与沉积物粒度之间存在一定相关性:随着粒度由粗变细,稀土元素含量增加; ΣREE的高值段对应粘土含量较高,反之亦然.沉积物REE及Rb/Sr比值的纵向变化反映了海陆交互过渡带古气候环境的波动:ΣREE的高值段与δEu和δCe的低值段代表了冷湿的气候环境; ΣREE和δCe的低值与δEu的高值段反映了暖湿润的环境信息.结合地貌、岩性及微体古生物,综合分析表明苏北平原在第四纪曾遭受了多次海水淹覆, 海-陆交互堆积作用明显,从古海湾逐渐发育堆积最后由河流冲积物覆盖成陆.     

The Role of a Macroalgal Covering Event on the Microphytobenthos Community in Intertidal Sediment (Marano Lagoon, Northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. This study examines the variation in microphytobenthos structure and functioning in an intertidal lagoon during a macroalgal covering event. Multivariate techniques, applied on the recorded data, highlighted a clear seasonal pattern except for the July sample. The sudden macroalgae ( Cladophora sp.) development, which occurred in that month, enabled us to identify the massive covering as a disturbance factor on the benthic ecosystem. This biotic anomaly affected benthic microalgal production and community respiration, shifting the ecosystem from a highly photoautotrophic to an heterotrophic condition as shown by the BTS Index. This trophic index is therefore a useful tool for identifying episodic stress events mainly in intertidal habitats.     

新疆准北地区铜矿床主要类型控矿条件及找矿前景分析

准北地区铜矿床已发现有岩浆熔离铜镍硫化物型，海相火山岩型，隐爆角砾岩型和陆相火山岩型，那林卡拉－喀拉通克铜镍矿带受控于海沟岛弧盆地内基性岩带的控制，岩浆分异程度对铜矿形成具有明显的控制作用，海相火山岩铜矿受火山机构制约，常产出于海底火山喷发中心及附近洼地，将准北地区划分冲乎尔－麦兹铜多金属，阿舍勒铜锌，额尔齐斯铜（镍）金－萨吾尔－加波萨尔铜（钼）和谢米斯台－阿尔曼台－北塔山铜等五个具找矿前景的成矿     

陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区含煤地层及煤层的重新厘定划分

依据近年陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区勘查地质工作成果，通过地质、物探等综合方法，对陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区含煤地层(主要指延安组)及煤层划分进行了有益地探讨和重新厘定。     

Buoy measured wind, wind stress and wind stress curl over the shelf off Bodega Bay, California

An array of five buoys and three coastal stations is used to characterize the winds, stress, and curl of the wind stress over the shelf off Bodega Bay, California. The wind and wind stress are strong and persistent in the summer and weak in the winter. In the summer, wind and stress decrease strongly across the shelf, toward the coast. Combinations of buoys are used to compute the curl of the wind stress over different portions of the shelf. The mean summer 2001 curl of the wind stress over the array depends upon the area selected, varying between −1.32×10⁻⁶ and +7.80×10⁻⁶ Pa m⁻¹. The winter 2002 wind-stress curl also depends on location, varying from −2.06×10⁻⁶ to +2.78×10⁻⁶ Pa m⁻¹. Mean monthly curl of the wind stress is a maximum in the summer and a minimum near zero in the winter. In both the summer and the winter, the correlation between the wind-stress curl for different portions of the shelf varies between moderate negative, though insignificance, to high positive. A wind measurement at a single point can be poorly related to the measured curl of the wind stress at other locations over the shelf. The measurements show that the use of one wind measurement to characterize the curl of the wind stress over the shelf without further investigation of the local wind-stress curl structure is risky.     

南极海冰与南半球大气环流关系的初步探讨

本文利用１９７３—１９８２年南极海冰北界资料，分析了南极海冰平均北界（海冰范围）的变化及其与南半球大气环流变化间的联系。１９７６年前，南极海冰平均北界偏北（海冰范围扩大），而１９７７年－１９８０年，南极海冰平均北界偏南（海冰范围缩小）。与此相对应，这两个时期的南半球大气环流具有明显不同的特点。在南极海冰平均北界偏北、海冰范围扩大时期，南极高压和绕极低压带偏弱，南半球中高纬度地区槽脊位置偏西，南印度洋和南大晒洋副热带高压偏弱，南太平洋副热带西凤减弱、中纬度西风加强，而南太平洋副热带高压和印度尼西亚低压带发展，南方涛动处于正位相阶段；在南极海冰平均北界偏南、海冰范围缩小时期，则相反。分析表明，南方涛动与南极海冰之间存在相互联系，并以南极海冰超前南方涛动约２个月时的关系最好，其次是南极海冰落后南方涛动４个月。     

Synthetic Model for Prediction Seismic Risk in About 10 Years

In this paper, the relation that strong earthquakes and seismo-geological conditions bear with precursory phenomena has been analyzed. The information content concerning the long-term (i.e., a decade) seismic risk that various precursors can provide has been estimated by using the quantitative judgment method. On such a basis, a synthetic probability model for predicting the strong earthquake risk in about 10 years has been suggested. With the northern part of North China used as the test region, the feasibility of the model which is used for medium-term to long-term prediction has been proved.     

高压喷射灌浆技术在强透水堤基处理中的应用

本文介绍了高压喷射灌浆技术在北江大堤强透水堤基处理中的应用．文中在分析堤基地层结构特征和物性指标的基础上，论述了高喷防渗墙的设计施工参数，根据已有围井检验结果，分析了各种地层高喷防渗墙的防渗效果，提出了用“单位渗水率”指标评价围封质量的新方法．文中根据大堤渗流观测资料和检验指标“单位渗水率”，建立了高喷防渗墙垂直截流堤基的渗流计算公式，并得出高喷防渗墙能有效地抑制住大堤堤基的渗流形变．