北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响

我国东部陆架海和南海是国防安全的重要门户;位处第二岛链以西的副热带北太平洋既是各国争夺的重要海区,又是我国从近海走向大洋的重要通道.围绕"北太平洋副热带环流变异如何通过黑潮与我国近海动力环境之间相互作用"这一国际前沿科学问题,国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"北太平洋副热带环流变异及其对我国近海动力环境的影响"于2007年9月正式立项.该项目不仅有助于拓展和丰富海洋动力学理论,揭示我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异机制,提高预测能力,而且也将为维护我国国防安全和海洋权益,为可持续开发利用海洋资源提供海洋动力环境保障.该项目主要研究内容包括:①北太平洋副热带环流变异和调整机理;②黑潮与我国近海的能量与水体交换过程及机制;③北太平洋副热带环流变异与大气驱动力的耦合效应;④我国近海及邻近大洋动力环境变异的可预测性研究.拟解决的关键科学问题为:北太平洋副热带内区环流变异的机理及其对黑潮的影响;黑潮源头变异机理及其对吕宋海峡水交换的影响和黑潮变异机理及其对东部陆架海域动力环境的影响.     

镜质组反射率测试及其所反映的构造应力场

为了利用煤镜质组反射率推断豫北构造应力场,基于构造应力是造成镜质组反射率各向异性（VRA）的主要控制因素,对在豫北焦作、安阳、鹤壁三个矿区井下取的定向煤样品进行了室内显微镜下反射率测试,对测试数据按有关公式进行计算后就得出了由最大反射率值、中间反射率值、最小反射率值为轴组成的镜质组反射率椭球体（VRI）.结果表明,研究区煤样显示二轴晶正光性,它们经过了强烈的构造变形,研究区煤样镜质组反射率各向异性是由构造应力所引起;由镜质组反射率椭球体（VRI）得出的豫北构造应力场与钻探、节理统计、河南省区域构造应力场分析等方法得出的应力场基本上是吻合的,但也有一定的区别,主要体现在应力场到安阳、鹤壁矿区后发生了向左的偏转.总之,利用煤镜质组反射率各向异性推断构造应力场的方法是可行的、是有效的.     

500 hPa高度场上两极和赤道位势高度气候演变规律的研究

本文运用近50 a来500 hPa层次上南极、赤道和北极位势高度以及南北半球西风指数的资料,分析了它们的时间演变规律及其相互间的关系.结果表明,南极位势高度显著下降;赤道位势高度显著上升.南极、赤道和北极位势高度都存在着显著的年际、年代际变化特征.总体上,南极位势高度与赤道位势高度有极其显著的负相关关系,北极与赤道的位势高度之间以及两极位势高度之间相关关系不显著;在共振的特定频率中,北极位势高度振荡落后于南极位势高度,赤道位势高度振荡又落后于两极位势高度振荡,气候变化最先开始的区域为南极地区.进一步分析表明,伴随着以上三个区域的位势高度趋势变化及其周期振荡,必然引起高空西风的增强与周期振荡.研究表明,南北两半球西风指数都存在显著的上升趋势,且存在显著的年代际变化特征.其中,南半球西风指数上升幅度较北半球大,其振荡落后于南极位势高度.     

北太平洋对人为二氧化碳吸收的数值模拟

采用一个开边界海盆尺度环流模式研究人为CO2在北太平洋的吸收和分布,并与闭边界模式的模拟结果进行了比较.模拟结果表明,西北太平洋和赤道东太平洋是两个重要的人为CO2汇.使用较大的等密度面扩散系数使得西北太平洋人为CO2通量增大,而赤道海区通量减小（RUN2）.与闭边界模式相比,开边界模式中该两个区域的人为CO2通量都增加了.1800～1997年间,北太平洋共吸收人为CO2 2375GtC(1Gt=1×1015 g, RUN1).副极地海区是人为CO2的一个重要输出区,能输出人为CO2吸收量的38％～54％,而20°N～30°N海区是人为CO2的一个重要贮存区,占整个北太平洋的24％.开边界对于10°N以南太平洋吸收和贮存人为CO2有很大影响.与基于观测资料的估计相比,虽然模式低估了西北太平洋的人为CO2的穿透,高估了东北太平洋的人为CO2的穿透,但总的说来,模式比较好地估计了人为CO2在北太平洋的贮存.     

Population connectivity of an overexploited coastal fish,Argyrosomus coronus (Sciaenidae), in an ocean-warming hotspot

The West Coast dusky kob Argyrosomus coronus is a commercially exploited fish with a distribution confined to the Angola–Benguela Frontal Zone (ABFZ) of the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. A previous study revealed that during a recent period of local warming the species extended its distribution into Namibian waters, where it hybridised with the resident and congeneric Argyrosomus inodorus. Environmental changes are a major threat to marine biodiversity and when combined with overfishing have the potential to accelerate the decline of species. However, little is known regarding the evolutionary history and population structure of A. coronus across the ABFZ. We investigated genetic diversity, population structure and historical demographic changes using mtDNA control region sequences and genotypes at six nuclear microsatellite loci, from 180 individuals. A single, genetically homogeneous population was indicated across the distributional range of A. coronus (φ_ST = 0.041, F_ST = 0.000, D = 0.000; p > 0.05). These findings imply that the oceanographic features within the ABFZ do not appear to significantly influence population connectivity in A. coronus, which simplifies management of the species. However, reconstruction of the demographic history points to a close link between the evolutionary history of A. coronus and the environmental characteristics of the ABFZ. This outcome suggests the species’ vulnerability to the rapid environmental changes being observed across this region, and highlights a pressing need for transboundary management to mitigate the impacts of climate change in this global hotspot of seawater temperature changes.     

北黄海海底麻坑群形态的定量研究及控制因素

本文基于高分辨率多波束水深数据和反向散射强度数据,对北黄海海底麻坑群的形态参数进行定量研究,结合水深、地形坡度和后向散射强度的变化准确界定了麻坑的轮廓,识别出圆形、椭圆形、拉长型麻坑共282个,并在ArcGIS软件中对其形态参数进行了分析计算,麻坑的平均长轴1.36 km,短轴0.78 km,直径0.94 km,面积0.88 km2,平均周长3.82 km,长宽比1.83,深度0.3~2.5 m,平均面积密集度13%,麻坑的剖面形态有麻坑边缘凹陷、中部有明显凸起（W1型）,麻坑边缘凹陷、中部略凸起（W2型）,麻坑中部单纯凹陷（V型）,分别集中分布在麻坑群的北部、南部、西部。麻坑的平面规模大、深度小的原因与地层中形成麻坑的游离气体浓度较小有关,也可能受到了地震、海啸等外力的诱发。麻坑的长轴优势走向为ENE-WSW、NNE-SSW,底流对其形状的塑造起了较大作用,部分麻坑成串排列,形成串珠状的麻坑链,其排列方式受到海底古河道、古潟湖等沉积地层结构的控制。海底麻坑群发育区反向散射强度为-60~-71 dB,麻坑内部较麻坑外部平均高5 dB,可能为麻坑内部气体泄漏引起海底沉积物被剥蚀后残留下的粗颗粒物质或海底生物活动留下的遗迹导致的。     

登封群的定年及其划分问题的探讨

对登封群人们先后采用过K—Ar、Rb-Sr、U—Pb、单颗粒锆石Pb-Pb、Sm—Nd等多种同位素定年方法。由于不同方法得到的结果差别很大,直接影响了对登封群的认识,因而对登封群出现了多种划分方案。本文综合分析后认为,登封群花岗-绿岩地体形成于新太古宙末期(2500～2600Ma),难以划分出元古代的地层单元。另外,对已有的同位素测年成果使用上要结合样品的地质、地球化学特征进行具体分析,才能得出合理的解释。     

Structural evolution of the Orange Basin gravity-driven system,offshore Namibia

The Orange Basin records the development of the Late Jurassic to present day volcanic-rifted passive margin of Namibia. Regional extension is recorded by a Late Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Syn-rift Megasequence, which is separated from a Cretaceous to present day post-rift Megasequence by the Late Hauterivian (ca. 130 Ma) break-up unconformity. The Late Cretaceous Post-rift evolution of the basin is characterized by episodic gravitational collapse of the margin. Gravitational collapse is recorded as a series of shale-detached gravity slide systems, consisting of an up-dip extensional domain that is linked to a down-dip zone of contraction domain along a thin basal detachment of Turonian age. The extensional domain is characterized by basinward-dipping listric faults that sole into the basal detachment. The contractional domain consists of landward-dipping listric faults and strongly asymmetric basinward-verging thrust-related folds. Growth stratal patterns suggest that the gravitational collapse of the margin was short-lived, spanning from the Coniacian (ca. 90 Ma) to the Santonian (ca. 83 Ma). Structural restorations of the main gravity-driven system show a lack of balance between up-dip extension (24 km) and down-dip shortening (16 km). Gravity sliding in the Namibian margin is interpreted to have occurred as a series of episodic short-lived gravity sliding between the Cenomanian (ca. 100 Ma) and the Campanian (ca. 80 Ma). Gravity sliding and spreading are interpreted to be the result of episodic cratonic uplift combined with differential thermal subsidence. Sliding may have also been favoured by the presence of an efficient detachment layer in Turonian source rocks.     

Dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics in the North Sea: A time series analysis (1995–2005)

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) dynamics in the North Sea was explored by means of long-term time series of nitrogen parameters from the Dutch national monitoring program. Generally, the data quality was good with little missing data points. Different imputation methods were used to verify the robustness of the patterns against these missing data. No long-term trends in DON concentrations were found over the sampling period (1995–2005). Inter-annual variability in the different time series showed both common and station-specific behavior. The stations could be divided into two regions, based on absolute concentrations and the dominant times scales of variability. Average DON concentrations were 11 μmol l⁻¹ in the coastal region and 5 μmol l⁻¹ in the open sea. Organic fractions of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) averaged 38 and 71% in the coastal zone and open sea, respectively, but increased over time due to decreasing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations. In both regions intra-annual variability dominated over inter-annual variability, but DON variation in the open sea was markedly shifted towards shorter time scales relative to coastal stations. In the coastal zone a consistent seasonal DON cycle existed with high values in spring–summer and low values in autumn–winter. In the open sea seasonality was weak. A marked shift in the seasonality was found at the Dogger Bank, with DON accumulation towards summer and low values in winter prior to 1999, and accumulation in spring and decline throughout summer after 1999. This study clearly shows that DON is a dynamic actor in the North Sea and should be monitored systematically to enable us to understand fully the functioning of this ecosystem.     

桐梓北部大竹坝井田含煤地层及可采煤层地质特征

大竹坝井田位于呈北东向展布的松坎复式向斜南东翼之次级褶皱-乐坪背斜南东翼,含煤地层为上二叠统龙潭组(P3l),厚45.61~71.53m,平均厚61.10m,含煤层(线)2~6层,全区可采煤层一层(C3),局部可采煤层二层(C2、C4)。C3煤层具有低挥发份、中灰、中高硫、高固定碳、高熔灰分、高热值的特点。可作工业用煤、动力用煤、气化用煤和化工用煤以及民用等。井田以含煤地层相对较薄,可采煤层少,煤层厚度小,含煤率低为其特征。