无机生油假说及其在中国的应用前景

无机生油假说认为,原油和天然气和近地表的生物物质没有根本联系,它们是生成于地幔内的非生物来源的碳氢化合物。因而油气不是一个不可再生资源,而是一个可再生资源。无机生油假说得到地质学、物理学和化学等三个基本学科的支持。在地质观察上,发现全球许多大油田的油气储藏与原始生物物质之间数量上有巨大落差,难于解释它们是由生物生成的。此外,有许多地区在结晶基底或变质基底内,或直接位于其上的沉积岩中发现石油。从生物生油假说来说,也是无法理解的。在化学上,早在二战期间,德国已由人工合成石油(费托合成),并生产了占德国战争中用油的9%的石油。无可争辩地说明,无机可以生成石油。根据化学(物理学)热力学理论分析确认,甲烷是唯一一种在标准温压条件(温度为298.15 K;压力为101325 Pa)下稳定的碳氢化合物,从甲烷形成正常烷属烃只有在压力>3×106kPa、温度>700°C时(相当于地下深度约100 km)才有可能。在地壳内的温压条件下由生物变质形成石油的假说,与化学热力学的基本原则相抵触。从氧化的有机分子,如碳水化合物(C6H12O6)形成较高的碳氢化合物在任何条件下都是不可能的。根据我国长期对深部构造的研究,笔者认为在中国东部及西太平洋蘑菇云岩石圈地幔发育的地区是寻找巨型无机油气田的有利地区,建议在发育蘑菇云岩石圈地幔地区开展无机油气田的勘探,并在无机油气田远景地区布置超深参数钻,以评价含油气远景。另外建议加强物探工作,尤其是研究地震勘探处理基底内三维含油气构造的技术。     

羟基磷灰石对水溶液中Fe3+的吸附动力学及热力学研究

研究了羟基磷灰石(HAP)对水溶液中Fe3+的吸附动力学及热力学。研究表明,HAP对水溶液中Fe3+的吸附符合Langmiur等温吸附,ct/q=0.006 4 ct+0.018 3;该吸附反应符合一级反应动力学方程,ln CR=-0.043 5 t+4.324 4;吸附反应活化能为Ea=36.26 k J/mol;标准摩尔反应焓为正值表明反应过程吸热;当温度大于285.7 K时,吉布斯自由能小于0,反应可自发进行。     

江汉盆地T油田新沟嘴组成岩流体及流体／矿物反应热力学

对江汉盆地Ｔ油田主要的工业储层－下第三系新光沟嘴组沉积岩石的成岩流体进行了热力学研究。实测的成岩矿物流体包裹体的均一温度为１１０－１３９℃，属于该区中成岩阶段的温度范围（６７－１５５℃）。成岩流体的压力为１０．２－５６ＭＰａ。成岩流体中阳离子的活度出现Ｃａ＾２＋＞Ｍｇ＾２＋＞Ｎａ＾＋＞Ｋ＾＋＞Ｆｅ＾３＋＞Ｆｅ＾２＋；阴离子的活离出现ＨＣＯ３＾－＞ＳＯ４＾２－＞Ｆ＾－＞Ｃｌ＾－＞ＣＯ３＾２－；气相成     

A thermodynamic model for Ca–Na clinoamphiboles in Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–O for petrological calculations

A calibration is presented for an activity–composition model for amphiboles in the system Na₂O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–O (NCFMASHO), formulated in terms of an independent set of six end‐members: tremolite, tschermakite, pargasite, glaucophane, ferroactinolite and ferritschermakite. The model uses mixing‐on‐sites for the ideal‐mixing activities, and for the activity coefficients, a macroscopic multicomponent van Laar model. This formulation involves 15 pairwise interaction energies and six asymmetry parameters. Calibration of the model is based on the geometrical constraints imposed by the size and shape of amphibole solvi inherent in a data set of 71 coexisting amphibole pairs from rocks, formed over 400–600 °C and 2–18 kbar. The model parameters are calibrated by combining these geometric constraints with qualitative consideration of parameter relationships, given that the data are insufficient to allow all the model parameters to be determined from a regression of the data. Use of coexisting amphiboles means that amphibole activity–composition relationships are calibrated independently of the thermodynamic properties of the end‐members. For practical applications, in geothermobarometry and the calculation of phase diagrams, the amphibole activity–composition relationships are placed in the context of the stability of other minerals by evaluating the properties of the end‐members in the independent set that are in internally consistent data sets. This has been performed using an extended natural data set for hornblende–garnet–plagioclase–quartz, giving the small adjustments necessary to the enthalpies of formation of tschermakite, pargasite and glaucophane for working with the Holland and Powell data set.     

Prograde garnet growth along complex <Emphasis Type="Italic">P–T–t</Emphasis> paths: results from numerical experiments on polyphase garnet from the Wölz Complex (Austroalpine basement)

Garnet in metapelites from the Wölz Complex of the Austroalpine crystalline basement east of the Tauern Window characteristically consists of two growth phases, which preserve a comprehensive record of the geothermal history during polymetamorphism. From numerical modelling of garnet formation, detailed information on the pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) evolution during prograde metamorphism is obtained. In that respect, the combined influences of chemical fractionation associated with garnet growth, modification of the original growth zoning through intragranular diffusion and the nucleation history on the chemical zoning of garnet as P and T change during growth are considered. The concentric chemical zoning observed in garnet and the homogenous rock matrix, which is devoid of chemical segregation, render the simulation of garnet growth through successive equilibrium states reliable. Whereas the first growth phase of garnet was formed at isobaric conditions of ～3.8 kbar at low heating/cooling rates, the second growth phase grew along a Barrovian P–T path marked with a thermal peak of ～625°C at ～10 kbar and a maximum in P of ～10.4 kbar at ～610°C. For the heating rate during the growth of the second phase of garnet, average rates faster than 50°C Ma^?1 are obtained. From geochronological investigations the first growth phase of garnet from the Wölz Complex pertains to the Permian metamorphic event. The second growth phase grew in the course of Eo-Alpine metamorphism during the Cretaceous.     

成矿流体中碲逸度对自然金成色的影响

富碲化物型金矿具有自然金成色高的特点，通过热力学分析，推导出碲逸度与温度和自然金中银含量的关系式，建立了ｆＴｅ２－Ｔ－ＮＡｇ图解，并论述了该类型金矿中高自然金成色的内在原因，即成矿溶液中高的碲逸度导致了高的自然金成色，同时也分析了溶液中碲逸度对金银矿物的共生组合的影响，以及对如何计算成矿溶液中碲逸度问题进行了讨论。     

大气的热力学总熵

在考虑了大气各化学成分的熵、扩散弓:起的熵增加和位温在大气中的分布以后,求得全球大气总熵为3.56×10~(22)J/K.本文给出从位温求熵的新公式,还发现不同位温占有的大气质量遵守概率论中的Gamma分布. 本文还就热力学熵与信息熵的关系作了有启发意义的讨论.     

海温扰动发展的一种热力学判据

本文将非线性热力学理论应用到大尺度海洋系统,找到了一个适合于描述海温扰动发展的热力学判据。计算表明:这种热力学判据能够较好地报出海温异常事件,估计海温异常的强弱。本文还利用这种热力学判据分析了海洋与大气之间的热交换和平流效应对海温扰动演化的影响。     

Cerium anomaly and cerium thermodynamics in the sea water

Ｃｅｒｉｕｍａｎｏｍａｌｙａｎｄｃｅｒｉｕｍｔｈｅｒｍｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｅａｗａｔｅｒ￥ＷａｎｇＹｕｎｌｉａｎｇａｎｄＺａｎｇＤｅｓｅｎ（ＴｈｅＴｈｉｒｄＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ，ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｃ...     

稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究进展

介绍了国家自然科学基金委员会“十五”重点项目“稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究”的成果。通过资料分析、数值试验和理论分析。研究干旱地区稀疏植被复杂下垫面上水、热及CO2输运过程的机理;非均匀下垫面的复杂非线性线效应：干旱地区更合理的陆面过程参数化方案以及绿洲的稳定性;强沙尘暴的发展机制和干旱地区生态环境建设对策,主要结果表明：（1）揭示了植物生态生理过程、净第一生产力和生物量对气候的敏感性,为稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究提供了较好的接口。（2）发展了适用于干旱、半干旱地区土壤中水热输送交叉耦合的物理模型;以能量和物质守恒定律为基础的雪盖物理模型,它显著地改善了陆面过程的模拟效果,是国际上最早开发的同类模型之一。（3）发展了大气非平衡态热力学,证明了非线性区普遍成立的最小熵产生原理,为研究气候和环境复杂系统提供了新思路和新方法;提示了大气辐散和辐合运动对垂直湍流输送的影响,非均匀下垫面地气相互作用,为非均匀下垫面陆面过程参数化提供了物理基础;研究了绿洲稳定性并估算了绿洲临界尺度约3～6km,为绿洲保护和建设提供了理论依据;提出了干旱地区有限水资源条件下增强其稳定性抗干扰能力的生态环境建设对策。（4）发展了强沙尘暴发展的动力学模式,揭示了强沙尘暴发展辐射冷却的正反馈机制。展示了强沙尘暴预报的良好前景。