源区组成与转熔矿物组合的选择性带入对花岗岩成分变化的影响:以南秦岭宁陕花岗岩体群为例

南秦岭构造带发育大规模早中生代花岗质岩体群,它们是研究源区组成和转熔矿物的选择性带入（PAE）对酸性侵入岩成分变化影响的理想对象。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,宁陕花岗质岩体群可划分为2个期次：早期以懒板凳岩体（二长花岗岩）为代表,形成时代约为223~220Ma,对应于同碰撞阶段;晚期以胭脂坝和老城岩体（石英闪长岩-花岗闪长岩）为代表,形成时代约为211~196Ma,对应于后碰撞阶段。所有花岗质岩石样品具有SiO₂含量变化大且相对含量高的特点（SiO₂>68%）,同时Cr、Ni含量较低,这些特征指示了岩浆演化过程中未经历明显的壳幔混合作用。在F-An-Or图解中,宁陕花岗岩样品沿着岩浆分离结晶趋势线分布,且它们的Sr-Nd同位素（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_（t）=0.705348~0.705483;ε_Nd（t）值为-4.5~-4.7）组成较为均一,暗示其经历的同化混染作用较轻微。此外,元素协变图表明,宁陕花岗岩经历了角闪石+黑云母±斜长石的分离结晶。通过对比宁陕花岗岩与各种无水实验熔体,本文推测宁陕花岗岩的源区主要为杂砂岩和砂屑岩,而非玄武质地壳岩石。深成岩体的ε_Hf（t）值和二阶段Hf模式年龄表明其源区主要为中元古代地壳。主、微量元素（如Ti、Ca）与镁铁指数（摩尔Fe+Mg）的协变演化进一步表明,宁陕花岗岩是由含黑云母的砂屑岩（或杂砂岩）部分熔融形成,并伴随有单斜辉石、钛铁矿、锆石、磷灰石和榍石等转熔矿物组合的选择性带入。     

Crustal Evolution of Island-Arc Ultramafic Magma: Galmoenan Pyroxenite-Dunite Plutonic Complex, Koryak Highland (Far East Russia)

Alaskan-type platinum-bearing plutons and potassium-enrichedmafic to ultramafic volcanic rocks are temporally and spatiallyassociated within the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene Achaivayam–Valaginskiiintra-oceanic palaeo-arc system, allochthonously present inthe Koryak Highland and Kamchatka Peninsula (Far East Russia).The compositions of the parental magmas to the Alaskan-typecomplexes are estimated using the Galmoenan plutonic complexas an example. This complex, composed of dunites, pyroxenitesand minor gabbros, is the largest (20 km³) in the system andthe best studied owing to associated platinum placer deposits.The compositions of the principal mineral phases in the Galmoenanintrusive rocks [olivine (Fo_79–92), clinopyroxene (1–3·5wt % Al₂O₃, 0·1–0·5 wt % TiO₂), and Cr-spinel(5–15 wt % Al₂O₃ and 0·3–0·7 wt %TiO₂)] are typical of liquidus assemblages in primitive island-arcmagmas in intra-oceanic settings, and closely resemble the mineralcompositions in the Achaivayam–Valaginskii ultramaficvolcanic rocks. The temporal and spatial association of intrusiveand extrusive units, and the similarity of their mineral compositions,suggest that both suites were formed from similar parental magmas.The composition of the parental magma for the Galmoenan plutonicrocks is estimated using previously reported data for the Achaivayam–Valaginskiiultramafic volcanic rocks and phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions.Quantitative simulation of crystallization of the parental magmain the Galmoenan magma chamber shows that the compositions ofthe cumulate units are best modelled by fractional crystallizationwith periodic magma replenishment. The model calculations reproducewell the observed mineral assemblages and the trace elementabundances in clinopyroxene. Based upon the estimated compositionof the parental magmas and their mantle source, we considerthat fluxing of a highly refractory mantle wedge (similar tothe source of boninites) by chlorine-rich aqueous fluids isprimarily responsible for both high degrees of partial meltingand the geochemical characteristics of the magmas, includingtheir enrichment in platinum-group elements. KEY WORDS: subduction; platinum-group elements; clinopyroxene; trace elements; fractional crystallization; Alaskan-type plutons     

Evolution and time of formation of the Hohhot metamorphic core complex,North China: new structural and geochronologic evidence

The Hohhot metamorphic core complex (MCC) is one of the typical MCCs in the North China craton. Its fault systems consist of the master Hohhot detachment zone (HHDZ) on the southern flank of the Daqing Shan, and the lowermost and uppermost northern detachment zones on the northern flank. Ductile deformation temperatures of three zones were estimated as 500 ± 50°C, 650 ± 50°C, and 400 ± 50°C, respectively, by analysis of microstructures of minerals and quartz [c] crystallographic axis fabrics using electron backscattered diffraction. These measurements suggest that previous ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages could not represent the time of the high-temperature (>500°C) ductile deformations. Therefore, we used U-Pb zircon ages of mylonitized and non-mylonitized granitic intrusions to constrain the timing of the early high-temperature shearing. Strongly mylonitized granites and weakly mylonitized granites in the lowermost northern detachment zone yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 148 ± 1 and 140 ± 1 million years respectively. A syn-kinematic pluton in the lower plate of the MCC gave a U-Pb age of 142 ± 1 million years. These allow us to speculate on the possibility that SE-directed, early tangential, high-temperature ductile shearing probably was initiated during ca. 148–140 Ma (or ca. 142 Ma) at depth, with the thrust events occurring at shallow levels. A strongly mylonitized granitic dike and a non-mylonitized pluton in the master HHDZ yielded ages of 142 ± 1 and 132 ± 2 million years respectively. A non-mylonitized pluton intrusive into the uppermost northern detachment zone was dated at 131 ± 1 Ma. All these suggest that major extensional ductile shearing along the detachment zones took place during ca. 140–132 Ma. Using these new U-Pb ages, combined with previously published ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages that range from 127 Ma to 119 million years for the master HHDZ and supradetachment basins, we discuss and derive the time of formation process of the MCC. This is one of only a few cases of detailed study of timing for the development of an MCC from earlier deep-level shearing to later thermal uplifting (doming).     

华北地块北缘内蒙古固阳地区早二叠世岩体的侵位深度及其构造意义

运用角闪石一斜长石温度计和角闪石全铝压力计估算的华北地块北缘内蒙古隆起西段固阳地区早二叠世花岗质岩体的结晶温度和侵位深度分别为679.1~728.7℃和15.6~19.8 km,表明白早二叠世以来,固阳地区至少有15.6km的地壳岩石被剥露。这一构造抬升及剥露是造成该区中—新元古代地层不连续分布及古生代—早中生代地层普遍缺失的最主要原因。岩体侵位深度与区域前二叠纪最大沉积地层厚度(13.0 km)对比结果表明,早二叠世之前,华北地块北缘已经发生了明显的褶皱或逆冲构造变形,从而导致了地壳岩石的叠覆与加厚。这一早二叠世之前的构造变形及地壳加厚可能与晚古生代期间古亚洲洋板块向华北地块下俯冲有关。     

Proterozoic low-pressure/high-temperature metamorphism and an anticlockwise P–T–t path for the Hazeldene area, Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, Australia

In the Hazeldene area, situated in the Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, the metamorphic grade changes from chlorite zone, through biotite and cordierite zones, to sillimanite/K-feldspar zone.
Microstructural studies of rocks near the sillimanite isograd demonstrate that cordierite grew early during the development of a steep foliation (S2), was replaced by biotite, andalusite and sillimanite at the metamorphic peak late in S2, and in turn by kyanite + chlorite adjacent to localized small post-D2 shear zones. Although the anticlockwise P–T–t path is well defined, the precise P–T conditions are uncertain because of problems with experimental and thermodynamic data. The best estimate for the metamorphic peak for rocks close to the sillimanite isograd is around 600° C at 4 kbar.
The metamorphism has been dated at 1544 Ma, and was synchronous with a major crustal shortening event. Because proposed extensional events occurred more than 60 Ma earlier, their contribution to the peak metamorphic thermal perturbation would have been insignificant. The syn-metamorphic Mica Creek Pegmatites, the abundance of high heat-producing elements in the nearby pre-D2 Sybella Granite, and advective heat by fluids which caused considerable metasomatism in the Hazeldene area, may have each contributed to the thermal budget. However, the metamorphic thermal gradient may be 80°C km^-1 or higher, strongly suggesting a local magmatic control. As none are known in the area, such syn-metamorphic plutons would have to lie beneath the exposed high-grade rocks.     

Centrifuge modelling of plutons intruding shear zones: application to the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (Bavarian Forest,Germany)

Models consisting of a thick overburden resting on a buoyant layer were sheared and centrifruged in order to study the relationship between strike-slip shear zones and intrusions of buoyant material. Three experiments were carried out: In model 1, where the overburden consisted of a viscous material, no diapirs formed even after shearing for 40 mm (? = -1.07) and 27 min centrifuging. In models 2 and 3, where the overburden was semi-brittle, prescribed cuts at two different orientations (model 2: parallel to s1; model 3: perpendicular to s1) were initiated in the overburden in order to see whether such cuts acted as pathways for intrusion. In model 2 the prescribed cuts were used by the buoyant material as pathways when the cuts opened during shearing. Continued shearing widened the cuts and allowed the buoyant material to extrude on the surface of the model forming a coalesced elliptical sheet. In model 3. the cuts were closed during shearing and prevented the intrusion of the buoyant material. During further shearing, the cuts rotated and activated as strike-slip faults bounding pull-apart basins. Such pull-apart basins were not deep enough to tap the buoyant material. Nevertheless, the results of the experiments suggest that magma ascends in shear zones not as diapirs, but rises along preexisting pathways as dykes. Model results were used to evaluate emplacement of the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (FIC) in the Bavarian Forest, whose magnetic and structural inventory have been investigated in detail. The pluton consists of 5 magma batches, each with distinct magnetic fabrics. which are interpreted as the result of magma intrusion along opening and rotating tension gashes within the BPSZ stress field. Shear failure of the crust in the FIC area due to thermomechanical weakening provided the space for the emplacement of the last and biggest granite magma batch. Overall, the emplacement history of the FIC fits perfectly with the observations made during experiment 2 and indicates that magma ascent in shear zones is bound to tension gashes.     

南秦岭华阳花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄、地球化学和Hf同位素组成 ——对五龙岩体群成因的约束

华阳岩体位于南秦岭中部地区,岩体主体岩性为黑云母二长花岗岩。对中粒黑云母二长花岗岩和细粒黑云母二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年分别获得214Ma±2Ma和228Ma±2Ma的年龄,表明该岩体形成于晚三叠世。华阳花岗岩属于弱过铝质和高钾钙碱性系列,具有I-A型花岗岩过渡的特征,A/CNK值为1.01~1.14,Na2O为3.15%~3.83%,K2O为3.04%~5.70%,K2O/Na2O为0.84~1.80,Mg#为0.24~0.48;稀土元素配分曲线表现为右倾型,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具有显著的Eu负异常。该花岗岩富集Rb、K、Pb、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,表明华阳花岗岩的物源以壳源物质为主。锆石饱和温度和Ti温度计等的估算显示,华阳岩体岩浆源区的初始温度为750~800℃。花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值变化范围较小,为-6.17~2.27,平均值为-3.19;二阶段模式年龄TDM2为1.65~1.12Ga,加权平均值为1.46Ga,结合区域地质背景和前人研究成果认为,华阳花岗岩是早—中元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融的结果,伴有少量幔源物质的加入;岩体的形成与华南板块和华北板块碰撞有关,是同碰撞向后碰撞构造体制转变或后碰撞伸展早期的产物。     

花岗岩体高温热年代学研究的新思路、方法及计算实例

对国内外花岗岩体723 对锆石U-Pb 年龄（t _Zr）和全岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄（t _Rb）进行的相关分析, 拟合出相关系数很高
（Ｒ =0.997）, 回归系数接近l 的线性回归方程（t _Zr=1.0005×t _Rb+0.493041）。 Δt _Zr-Rb（t _Zr-t _Rb）频数统计分析表明: Δt _Zr-Rb呈对
称正态分布（偏度系数C _SK=0.193; 峰度系数C _KU=6.722）, 其均值为0.624 Ma, 众数值为1.0 Ma。这表明花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 定
年的测定结果与全岩Rb-Sr 等时线定年测定结果在允许的误差范围内是一致的。不存在花岗岩体锆石U-Pb 年龄必定大于全
岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄的规律表明,同位素热年代学方法只适用于研究花岗岩结晶固结后的低温热演化史。 前人根据锆石U-Pb
年龄和全岩Rb-Sr 等时线年龄差值及相应同位素体系封闭温度研究的10 个花岗岩体的冷却速率（CR Zr-Rb）表明,它们与岩
体体积尺度不相关,这有悖于“热物体的体积（质量）愈大,则在相同热物理条件下其冷却速率愈小”的热物理学基本定律。
根据热传导理论及本文作者（2010）提出的侵位结晶时差概念我们得出“在相同热物理学条件下,体积尺度是决定花岗岩
体冷却速率最主要因素”的结论。以上述10 个花岗岩体为例,本文计算得出它们在结晶固结前高温阶段的冷却速率（CR _ECTD）
并拟合出冷却速率与岩体体积尺度呈幂函数关系：CR _ECTD=7544.7×D -2.1686, 计算结果符合热物理学基本定律。     

Mineral chemistry of a Cenozoic igneous complex,the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt,Iran: Petrological implications for the plutonic rocks

The Niyasar plutonic complex, one of the Cenozoic magmatic assemblages in the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic belt, was the subject of detailed petrographic and mineralogical investigations. The Niyasar magmatic complex is composed of Eocene to Oligocene mafic rocks and Miocene granitoids. Eleven samples, representing the major rock units in the Niyasar magmatic complex and contact aureole were chosen for mineral chemical studies and for estimation of the pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity conditions of mineral crystallization during emplacement of various magmatic bodies. The analyzed samples are composed of varying proportions of quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, hornblende, biotite, titanite, magnetite, apatite, zircon, garnet, and clinopyroxene. Application of the Al‐in‐hornblende barometer indicates pressures of around 0.2 to 0.4 kbar for the Eocene–Oligocene mafic bodies and around 0.5 to 1.7 kbar for the Miocene granitoids. Hornblende‐plagioclase thermometry yields relatively low temperatures (661–780 °C), which probably reflect late stage re‐equilibration of these minerals. The assemblage titanite–magnetite–quartz as well as hornblende composition were used to constrain the oxygen fugacity and H₂O content during the crystallization of the parent magmas in the Miocene plutons. The results show that the Miocene granitoids crystallized from magmas with relatively high oxygen fugacity and high H₂O content (~5 wt% H₂O). The Miocene granitoids show similar range of oxygen fugacity, H₂O contents and mineral chemical compositions, which indicate a common source for their magmas. Although the crystallization pressures of the Miocene plutons discriminate various categories of plutonic bodies emplaced at depths of about 5.7–6.5 km (Marfioun pluton), about 4.2 km (Ghalhar pluton) and 1.9–2.3 km (Poudalg pluton), they were later uplifted to the same level by vertical displacement of faults. The emplacement depths of the Niyasar plutons suggest that the central part of the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic belt has experienced an uplift rate of ca. 0.25–0.4 mm/yr from the Miocene onwards.     

南秦岭晚三叠世胭脂坝岩体的磁组构特征及意义

胭脂坝岩体是秦岭造山带内具典型代表性意义的晚三叠世花岗岩,已有的年代学和地球化学研究对岩体的侵位机制有着不同的认识。采用磁组构方法研究了该岩体的内部组构特征,并结合区域构造探讨了岩体的侵位机制。结果显示,胭脂坝岩体51个采点、348个样品的平均体积磁化率（K_m）值普遍小于100 μSI,总体较低。磁滞回线和热磁曲线特征表明,岩体磁组构主要由顺磁性矿物控制。大部分样品的校正磁化率各向异性度（P_J）值小于1.10,平均为1.06,表现出低各向异性度的总体特征。样品磁化率椭球形态参数（T）值多大于0,磁化率椭球体以压扁椭球为主。综合分析认为,岩体的磁组构是典型的岩浆组构,记录了岩浆侵位的流动构造。岩体磁组构以东西向中低角度倾伏的磁线理和南北向倾伏的磁面理为总体特征,磁线、面理轨迹揭示出岩浆自西向东的侵位流动。这样的岩浆侵位过程应与中、浅部地壳的走滑挤压构造相关,岩体侵位时造山带处于同碰撞构造环境。