陕北非饱和红土土-水特征曲线试验研究

为了探讨非饱和保德组红土基质吸力与干密度、含水率、饱和度和体积含水率之间的关系,采用滤纸法在试验室测试了36组不同含水率和干密度状态的重塑非饱和保德组红土的含水率,分别计算了相应的基质吸力,得到了非饱和保德组红土在不同干密度下的土-水特征曲线。对试验结果进行分析表明：基质吸力与干密度、饱和度及体积含水率的关系在不同的含水率段具有不同的特点;在含水率较低时基质吸力值对干密度、饱和度及体积含水率的变化很敏感,而在含水率较高时基质吸力值对干密度、饱和度及体积含水率的变化不敏感;在相同的干密度下,基质吸力与含水率、饱和度及体积含水率呈非线性关系,随着含水率、饱和度及体积含水率的增加,基质吸力呈现出急剧减小的趋势。     

土壤强固剂加固红土的力学特性

红土样中加入土壤强固剂可以显著改善土体性能，提高强度，减小变形，其加固机理可用等效压力等效剪应变的概念来解释，加固实质就是增强了土颗粒之间的连接力和摩擦力，加固效果相当于提高了作用于试样的垂直压力和破坏剪应力，减少了破坏剪应变，可以用加固效果系数来衡量，各应力－应变特性参数随着垂直压力的增大而增大，但增大的程度逐渐减小，强度加固效果系数和同水平剪应变加固效果系数与垂直压力呈反比，破坏剪应加固效果系数与垂直压力呈正比。     

Coprecipitation with Cu(II)‐4‐(2‐Pyridylazo)‐resorcinol for Separation and Preconcentration of Fe(III) and Ni(II) in Water and Food Samples

The coprecipitation method is widely used for the preconcentration of trace metal ions prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A simple and sensitive method based on coprecipitation of Fe(III) and Ni(II) ions with Cu(II)‐4‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐resorcinol was developed. The analytical parameters including pH, amount of copper (II), amount of reagent, sample volume, etc., were examined. It was found that the metal ions studied were quantitatively coprecipitated in the pH range of 5.0–6.5. The detection limits (DL) (n = 10, 3s/b) were found to be 0.68 µg L^?1 for Fe(III) and 0.43 µg L^?1 for Ni(II) and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were ≤4.0%. The proposed method was validated by the analysis of three certified reference materials (TMDA 54.4 fortified lake water, SRM 1568a rice flour, and GBW07605 tea) and recovery tests. The method was successfully applied to sea water, lake water, and various food samples.     

Textural development in sulfide-matrix ore breccias in the Voisey's Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit,Labrador, Canada

Magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide ores at Voisey’s Bay contain complex assemblages of extremely heterogeneous rocks. These range from polymict breccias, with rock fragments in sulfide-rich and/or sulfide-poor matrices, to heterogeneous “vari-textured” gabbros with rapid short range variations in grain size and content of hydrous phases. Rock fragment populations in the breccias include endogenous olivine gabbros (cumulate and non-cumulate) and cumulate peridotites along with extensively depleted plagioclase-hercynite gneisses interpreted as restites from extensive partial melting of country rock quartzo-feldspathic paragneisses. Using a combination of desk-top microbeam XRF mapping at cm scale and 3D X-ray tomography, we show that both sulfide-poor and sulfide-rich breccias comprise heterolithic assemblages of clasts within a matrix of olivine gabbro. This matrix is characterised by an interconnected 3D framework of plagioclase crystals, highly variable in grain size at mm to cm scale, with interstitial olivine and poikilitic clinopyroxene, and is texturally indistinguishable from clast-free olivine gabbro. Sulfide forms interconnected networks at cm to dm scale and possibly larger. Much of the plagioclase developed by outgrowth from the margins of paragneiss xenoliths when the porosity was occupied by silicate melt. The observed range of textures is explained by a model of percolation of molten sulfide through variably crystalline inter-clast matrix, displacing the silicate melt to leave the refractory plagioclase-olivine or in some cases plagioclase-only component, now entirely within a sulfide matrix. The process is analogous to that believed to have formed interspinifex ore in komatiite-hosted deposits. Biotite rims on plagioclase enclosed in sulfide are interpreted as the result of reaction between plagioclase, olivine and a hydrous component derived from the sulfide melt itself, with a possible component of migrating residual silicate melt wicking along sulfide-silicate contacts. This sulfide infiltration model offers an alternative to the current model for upward emplacement of a slurry of silicate melt, sulfide melt and breccia fragments as a late stage injection into the dyke-sill complex. The preserved range of textures is interpreted as being due to gravity-driven percolation of sulfide liquid through a pre-existing partially molten intrusion breccia. In this model, the breccia serves as a physical trap site, accumulating downward migrating sulfide liquid. However, the invariable close mutual association of sulfide and rock fragments at Voisey’s Bay implies a common derivation.     

三趾马红土与西北黄土高原滑坡

本文在前人和作者以往研究成果的基础上总结了黄土高原大中型滑坡的形成发育规律;滑坡发生的土体结构效应;指出三趾马红土（N2）是控制和影响黄土高原滑坡形成的重要因素,并对其物质成分、工程特性及古风化带（不整合面）与滑坡的关系,及其在滑坡发生中的作用进行探讨。     

某蛇纹石型红土镍矿常压硫酸溶解浸出实验研究

随着高品位硫化镍资源的日益减少及社会发展对镍需求量的日益增加,低品位红土镍矿的开发利用受到人们的日益关注。本文在对某蛇纹石型红土镍矿详细的矿物学研究基础上,进行了常压硫酸溶解浸出实验研究,获得硫酸浓度1 mol/L、液固比10、浸出反应温度70℃以上、反应时间6 h左右、磨矿细度65%(76μm以下含量)左右的最佳硫酸溶解浸出实验条件;该实验条件下,红土镍矿中Ni、Fe、Mg的浸出率分别为94.4%、72.1%和88.64%。本研究可为该类型红土镍矿的经济回收利用提供科学依据。     

桂西堆积型铝土矿中三水铝石成因矿物学研究

桂西堆积型铝土矿中三水铝石的矿物共生组合、矿物空间分布规律、产出特征、矿物的形成世代、化学成分、稀土元素和矿体内外的水质成分等成因矿物学特征研究结果表明，红土中的三水铝石是由硬水铝石水解形成的，三水铝石形成于本区特殊的气候和地质条件，特别是地下水溶液中Al^ 3、[SiO4]^-2浓度及pH值等多种因素的制约，经历了Al(OH)3的沉淀、老化、脱玻化、结晶几个阶段。在淋滤作用的早期，形成了高岭石；在淋滤作用较弱的位置，形成了次生石英。不仅是新类型矿床，而且其成因也是独特的，是正处于退化中的铝土矿。     

Nickel isotope fractionation during laterite Ni ore smelting and refining: Implications for tracing the sources of Ni in smelter-affected soils

Nickel isotope ratios were measured in ores, fly ash, slags and FeNi samples from two metallurgical plants located in the Goiás State, Brazil (Barro Alto, Niquelândia). This allowed investigating the mass-dependent fractionation of Ni isotopes during the Ni-laterite ore smelting and refining. Feeding material exhibits a large range of δ⁶⁰Ni values (from 0.02 ± 0.10‰ to 0.20 ± 0.05‰, n = 7), explained by the diversity of Ni-bearing phases, and the average of δ⁶⁰Ni_{feeding materials} was found equal to 0.08 ± 0.08‰ (2SD, n = 7). Both δ⁶⁰Ni values of fly ash (δ⁶⁰Ni = 0.07 ± 0.07‰, n = 10) and final FeNi produced (0.05 ± 0.02‰, n = 2) were not significantly different from the feeding materials ones. These values are consistent with the very high production yield of the factories. However, smelting slags present the heaviest δ⁶⁰Ni values of all the smelter samples, with δ⁶⁰Ni ranging from 0.11 ± 0.05‰ to 0.27 ± 0.05‰ (n = 8). Soils were also collected near and far from the Niquelândia metallurgical plant, to evaluate the potential of Ni isotopes for tracing the natural vs anthropogenic Ni in soils. The Ni isotopic composition of the non-impacted topsoils developed on ultramafic rocks ranges from −0.26 ± 0.09‰ to −0.04 ± 0.05‰ (n = 20). On the contrary, the Ni isotopic composition of the non-ultramafic topsoils, collected close to the plant, exhibit a large variation of δ⁶⁰Ni, ranging from −0.19 ± 0.13‰ up to 0.10 ± 0.05‰ (n = 4). This slight but significant enrichment in heavy isotopes highlights the potential impact of smelting activity in the surrounding area, as well as the potential of Ni isotopes for discerning anthropogenic samples (heavier δ⁶⁰Ni values) from natural ones (lighter δ⁶⁰Ni values). However, given the global range of published δ⁶⁰Ni values (from −1.03 to 2.5‰) and more particularly those associated to natural weathering of ultramafic rocks (from −0.61 to 0.32‰), the use of Ni isotopes for tracing environmental contamination from smelters will remain challenging.     

贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物及其形成机理

本文运用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱、差热、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法对贵州碳酸盐岩红土中的粘土矿物进行了系统研究。高岭石和０．７ｎｍ埃洛石是碳酸盐岩红土中的主要粘土矿物，其次为伊利石、蛭石、绿泥石、绿泥石／蛭石混层矿物，水铝英石和三水铝石等。