The Geochemical Features and Evolution of Laterite in the Karst Areas of Guizhou Province

Guizhou is one of the dominating karst regions,where laterite is widespread,in China.Seventy-two laterite samples were taken from twelve laterite sections in the karst areas of Guizhou Province,which are possessed of typical subtropical karst geomphological and ecological environmental features and have evolved completely from dolostones and limestones.In terms of the major,trace and REE deta for thd samples this paper discusses the geochemical characteristics of laterite in the karst areas with an attempt to disclose the geochemical process and evolutionary rule of laterite formation.There have been involved three important pedogenetic geochemical precesses in the formation of laterite in the karst areas:(1)enrichment of silicon and aluminum and depletion of calcium and magnesium;(2)enrichment of iron and manganese;and(3) enrichment of aluminum and depletion of silicon.During the formation and evolution of laterite,obvious enrichment and differentiation of trace elements such as Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni,Co,Cr,Pb,F,Cl,and As can be observed,but for the rare-earth elements,their enrichment is remarkable against a weak differentiation.The REE distribution patterns in the laterite are similar to those of its parental carbonate rocks.     

湘西南红黏土路堤填筑技术研究

湖南的湘西南地区气候潮湿多雨,由于特殊的气候及地质条件,广泛分布着由碳酸岩风化形成的高液限红黏土。红黏土天然含水率高,又由于其本身固有的大孔隙比和结构性强的特点,要达到规范要求的压实度较为困难。结合该地区公路建设,开展了红黏土填料含水率、松铺厚度、碾压机械等多种工况组合下的现场碾压试验研究,其目的在于探求适合红黏土填料的碾压工艺,提出兼顾土体碾压效果和路堤填筑质量的压实控制建议。研究表明,压路机选用凸块振动碾、填土松铺层厚度控制在25～30 cm、土体含水率控制在大于最优击实含水率2%～5%范围时,现场碾压效果较好,压实土体也将具有较为稳定的工程性质     

加筋红土的广义等效围压和极限平衡条件

从加筋土体中筋材的作用相当于等效围压的概念出发，提出了一般加筋土体广义等效围压的概念。基于加筋前后土体达到相同强度的围压差，建立起包含传统等效围压的广义等效围压计算式；根据加筋土体仍然服从于莫尔-库仑强度理论，引入两个加筋指数?，? 来反映筋材对土体抗剪强度的影响，建立起包含传统极限平衡关系的加筋土体极限平衡条件；并讨论了不同排水条件和筋材性质对加筋指数的影响。红土加柔性筋材试验结果表明，不同排水条件下，? 基本接近于1；? 随排水条件而变化，完全排水条件下的? 大于1，完全不排水条件下的? 小于1。固结不排水条件下的? 有时大于1，有时小于1，可能与加筋层数和筋材性质有关；加筋红土在完全排水条件下的广义等效围压为正，在完全不排水条件和固结不排水条件加筋层数较少时的广义等效围压为负；? 和广义等效围压都随加筋层数的增加而增大。     

The Aguablanca Ni–(Cu) sulfide deposit, SW Spain: geologic and geochemical controls and the relationship with a midcrustal layered mafic complex

The Aguablanca Ni–(Cu) sulfide deposit is hosted by a breccia pipe within a gabbro–diorite pluton. The deposit probably formed due to the disruption of a partially crystallized layered mafic complex at about 12–19 km depth and the subsequent emplacement of melts and breccias at shallow levels (<2 km). The ore-hosting breccias are interpreted as fragments of an ultramafic cumulate, which were transported to the near surface along with a molten sulfide melt. Phlogopite Ar–Ar ages are 341–332 Ma in the breccia pipe, and 338–334 Ma in the layered mafic complex, and are similar to recently reported U–Pb ages of the host Aguablanca Stock and other nearby calc-alkaline metaluminous intrusions (ca. 350–330 Ma). Ore deposition resulted from the combination of two critical factors, the emplacement of a layered mafic complex deep in the continental crust and the development of small dilational structures along transcrustal strike-slip faults that triggered the forceful intrusion of magmas to shallow levels. The emplacement of basaltic magmas in the lower middle crust was accompanied by major interaction with the host rocks, immiscibility of a sulfide melt, and the formation of a magma chamber with ultramafic cumulates and sulfide melt at the bottom and a vertically zoned mafic to intermediate magmas above. Dismembered bodies of mafic/ultramafic rocks thought to be parts of the complex crop out about 50 km southwest of the deposit in a tectonically uplifted block (Cortegana Igneous Complex, Aracena Massif). Reactivation of Variscan structures that merged at the depth of the mafic complex led to sequential extraction of melts, cumulates, and sulfide magma. Lithogeochemistry and Sr and Nd isotope data of the Aguablanca Stock reflect the mixing from two distinct reservoirs, i.e., an evolved siliciclastic middle-upper continental crust and a primitive tholeiitic melt. Crustal contamination in the deep magma chamber was so intense that orthopyroxene replaced olivine as the main mineral phase controlling the early fractional crystallization of the melt. Geochemical evidence includes enrichment in SiO₂ and incompatible elements, and Sr and Nd isotope compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i 0.708–0.710; ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_i 0.512–0.513). However, rocks of the Cortegana Igneous Complex have low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and high initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values suggesting contamination by lower crustal rocks. Comparison of the geochemical and geological features of igneous rocks in the Aguablanca deposit and the Cortegana Igneous Complex indicates that, although probably part of the same magmatic system, they are rather different and the rocks of the Cortegana Igneous Complex were not the direct source of the Aguablanca deposit. Crust–magma interaction was a complex process, and the generation of orebodies was controlled by local but highly variable factors. The model for the formation of the Aguablanca deposit presented in this study implies that dense sulfide melts can effectively travel long distances through the continental crust and that dilational zones within compressional belts can effectively focus such melt transport into shallow environments.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

偏高岭土协同石灰抑制红黏土收缩的行为与机制

红黏土失水易收缩开裂而诱发工程灾害,为抑制或缓减红黏土的收缩特征,添加4%偏高岭土和5%石灰改善其水敏性。按照最优含水率制备压实试样,养护180 d后抽真空饱和,脱湿到预定含水率,随后开展收缩、无侧限抗压强度、吸力和孔隙分析等试验。结果表明,压实红黏土随着含水率降低,其无侧限抗压强度呈现先增大后减少的变化规律,这是脱湿导致的红黏土衍生微裂隙,进而引起结构性损伤所致。红黏土掺入石灰,尤其是掺入石灰-偏高岭土后,虽然脱湿也会引起强度减小,但接近完全干燥时,其强度又会增大。由此说明,偏高岭土协同石灰可以更加有效地抑制红黏土收缩效应,提高其整体强度。究其原因,是偏高岭土含有大量无定形硅、铝氧化物,且呈现边-面“搭接”的独特结构形态,使其能够快速捕获氢氧化钙溶液中的钙离子,在红黏土团（颗）粒间形成了胶结性水化物。     

老挝南部波罗芬高原玄武岩砖红壤风化壳微量元素地球化学特征

老挝南部波罗芬高原分布大面积新生代玄武岩,并一直在缓慢抬升,由于老挝地属热带季风气候,炎热和高降雨量作用,形成了砖红壤风化壳,厚度在25m以上.论述了风化壳中20种微量元素分散富集规律,大部分微量元素在表生环境下的化学活动性符合元素在氧化环境和酸性环境中的元素活动规律.     

Efficiency of compost in the removal of heavy metals from the industrial wastewater

Authorities have been applying very strict regulations for the treatment of industrial wastewater recently because of the threatening level of the environmental pollution faced. Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals is a threat to the public health because of the accumulation of the heavy metals in the aquatic life which is transferred to human bodies through the food chain. Therefore, recently, researchers have been oriented toward the practical use of adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater polluted by heavy metals. The aim of this research was to determine the retention capacity of compost for copper, zinc, nickel and chromium. For this purpose, experiments in batch-mixing reactors with initial metal concentrations ranging from 100 to 1,000 mg/l were carried. It was also observed that compost could repeatedly be used in metal sorption processes. The experiments conducted indicated that compost has high retention capacities for copper, zinc and nickel, but not for chromium. Thus, compost has been approved as a potential sorbent for copper, zinc and nickel and may find place in industrial applications. Thus, solid waste which is another source of significant environmental pollution will be reduced by being converted into a beneficial product compost.     

广东西樵山MIS 5a网纹红土常量元素分布及其气候意义

广东西樵剖面厚约9.6 m,其中该剖面的MIS 5a网纹红土"XQ41"厚约33 cm,位于该剖面719~751 cm深度。对MIS 5a网纹红土按1 cm间隔采集,总共获得32个样品的常量元素分析结果。研究表明,化学风化指标SiO2/Al2O3、CIA、ba和CIW的分布范围和平均值都显示其在物质组成上具有总体上均一的特征;SiO2-ba、SiO2-CIW和SiO2/Al2O3-CIA散点图上则分别以大部分、几乎全部和全部地聚集于现代热带红土（砖红土）散点的分布范围。据此提出,西樵网纹红土主要形成于热带气候影响下的生物气候带。有意义的是,与西樵网纹红土相同时代的西樵邻近区域的碧寿洞和罗沙岩哺乳动物化石群,都含有指示热带气候的物种。这进一步表明,热带生物气候带与发育成熟的网纹红土存在着逻辑上的因果关系。这一研究结果,为MIS 5a全球变化与中国低纬区域环境响应提出了一个新的认识问题的材料,相应地也为轨道变化与冰期间冰期旋回学说增添了一个新的内容。     

Coordination and valent state of nickel ions in beryl and chrysoberyl crystals

We have studied the polarized optical absorption and the EPR spectra of Ni-doped beryls grown by hydrothermal, flux and gas-transport methods, and chrysoberyl grown by the Czochralski and flux methods. In beryls, three groups of bands belonging to three various Ni centres were distinguished by analysis of the absorption band intensities. The first group, bands with maximums at 21740 (E ⊥ c), 17240 (E || c) and 9260 (E ⊥ + || c), 7140 (E || + ⊥ c) cm⁻¹, are due to Ni³⁺ in octahedral Al³⁺ site. The second group is bands at 25640 (E ⊥ c), 22220 (E || c) and 13520 (E || + ⊥ c), 13160 (E ⊥+ || c) cm⁻¹ and 8930 (E ⊥ + || c), 7460 (E || c) cm⁻¹, which are caused by Ni²⁺ in octahedral Al³⁺ site. Weak wide bands at 17540 (E ⊥ c), 15500 (E || c) cm⁻¹ and 6580 (E || + ⊥ c), 5950 (E || c) cm⁻¹ are related to Ni²⁺ in tetrahedral Be²⁺ site. The occurrence of Ni ions in Be²⁺ site is proved by the EPR spectra of ^1VNi⁺ in γ-irradiated samples. According to the spectra of optical absorption of Ni-doped chrysoberyl, two types of Ni centres have been established: Ni³⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions in octahedral Al³⁺ sites. From the EPR spectra of the X-ray irradiated crystals BeAl₂O₄: Ni, it follows that 68% of Ni⁺ ions occupy octahedral Al³⁺ sites with mirror symmetry and 32% are in Al³⁺ sites with inversion symmetry. In the approximation of trigonal field with regard to Trees correction, the energy levels of Ni³⁺ and Ni²⁺ have been calculated in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. There is good agreement between the obtained experimental and calculated data. The polarization dependence of the optical absorption bands is well explained in terms of the spin–orbit interaction.     

Rhombohedral ilmenite group nickel titanates with Zn, Mg, and Mn: synthesis and crystal structures

Binary, ternary, and quaternary rhombohedral ordered titanates, Ni_1/2Mn_1/2TiO₃, Ni_1/2Mg_1/2TiO₃, Ni_1/3Zn_1/3Mg_1/3TiO₃, and Ni_1/4Zn_1/4Mg_1/4Mn_1/4TiO₃, were obtained by solid-state synthesis at 1095°C at ambient pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere. All of the compounds adopt ATiO₃ (A = Ni, Mn, Zn, and Mg) stoichiometry. Crystal structures were refined by the Rietveld method from powder X-ray diffraction data. Unit cell parameters and unit cell volumes decrease with decreasing average radius of the ^vi A ²⁺ cation. All the synthetic titanates adopt the space group and the ilmenite structure consisting of distorted AO₆ and TiO₆ octahedra. The divalent cations and Ti⁴⁺ are distributed in layers of octahedra alternating along c with no evidence for disorder. In common with pyrophanite, NiTiO₃, and ilmenite sensu stricto, the distortion of the AO₆ octahedra is less than that of the TiO₆ octahedra. The Ti⁴⁺ and A-site cations in the titanates are off-centred within the coordination polyhedra. Deviation of the z positional parameters from their theoretical values for the A and Ti atoms indicate that in the titanates with the larger A ²⁺ cations and Goldschmidt tolerance factors, t ≥ 0.745, the AO₆ octahedral layer is more “puckered” above and below planes parallel to (001) than that of the TiO₆ octahedra, and vice versa in the titanates with smaller R _A ²⁺ for which t≤0.745. Data are given for the volumes and distortion indices of all the coordination polyhedra. This study confirms the existence and stability of complex solid solutions between ordered rhombohedral titanates of Ni and first-row transition metals at ambient conditions over a range of t from 0.786 to 0.737. These experimental data suggest that the formation of ilmenite-type titanates enriched in Ni is possible in exotic mineral-forming systems at low pressure and/or in extraterrestrial rocks.