Maintaining a balance between resource utilisation and protection of the marine environment in New Zealand

New Zealand's brief history of human habitation has led to widespread and often irreversible change in the biophysical environment. Most of the wetlands were drained and de-forestation led to major gully and channel erosions and high amounts of sediment yield in the estuarine and marine environments. The scale of land-based effects on marine species is indeterminable. The legislation for managing the land–sea interface is widely acknowledged as having fallen short of its full potential. After the 2008 general election the new government commenced review of this legislation while consideration was given to ‘unlocking New Zealand's energy potential’ as a key component to an export-led economic recovery. The government is promoting oil, gas and mineral exploration on land and at sea. The government is also enacting boundaries that extend continental shelf jurisdiction. These developments may lead to further progress on an integrated system that covers all aspects of marine management that began in 2000. In any case, New Zealanders face important decisions regarding the tradeoffs between further resource utilisation and environmental protection. This article contributes to the discussion on integrated management to maintain a balance between utilisation and protection and does not reflect the view of the Ministry of Fisheries.     

新西兰旅游研究及对我国的启示

为保持持续的竞争优势、增强旅游企业的发展能力和保证旅游研究成果在旅游决策中的应用,新西兰先后制定了3个旅游研究战略。新西兰旅游研究具有产业导向明显、广泛支持与参与、研究的连贯性和成果的应用性等特点。该文分析我国旅游研究的现状及其原因,从利益相关者的视角探讨我国旅游研究参与主体之间的关系,并借鉴新西兰的经验,从加强旅游研究的宏观管理、推进产业导向的旅游研究、建立健全旅游研究的合作机制等方面提出促进我国旅游研究发展的若干对策与措施。     

我国沙尘暴特征及其与干旱关系的研究进展

阐述了我国沙尘暴空间分布、时间演变的最新事实特征,综述了我国沙尘暴与干旱关系研究方面有代表性的新成果,在此基础上探讨了沙尘暴灾害的形成及其与干旱相互作用的物理机制。     

新时期地震重点项目专题档案的特性

通过分析地震重点项目专题档案的特性,阐述了它在新时期地震工作中的重要性。     

经济地理要研究我国新问题开拓新领域

文章从人口、资源、牛态环境三方面探讨了我国当前经济发展所面临的新问题、并指出了经济地理学今后的发展方向和内容。     

Soil lead distribution at an abandoned smelter site in Socorro, New Mexico

Soil Pb concentrations from three 30.5-m× 30.5-m squares at an abandoned smelter site in Socorro, New Mexico, are reproducible only within several hundred ppm. There was no statistically significant difference in log-transformed sample means for two of the three squares tested, due to the large degree of variability among samples from each square. Even where sample means are not significantly different, attempts at replication using similar sample spacing and collection techniques yield radically different spatial distributions of Pb. This variability suggests that common assumptions about soil contamination at hazardous waste sites must be reconsidered and also that understanding the statistics of contaminant distribution may be the key to designing effective clean-up strategies.     

A late-Glacial diatom and pigment history of Little Lake,New Brunswick with particular reference to the younger Dryas climatic oscillation

Diatom and pigment data are presented from a 6.39 m core from Little Lake, New Brunswick. From its inception to ca. 11.5k y.B.P., the lake was dominated by benthic alkaliphilic diatoms, predominantly Fragilaria spp, which are believed to have grown in the moat of a lake with extended periods of ice cover. Ice free summers apparently prevailed for up to 500 years (ca. 11.5–11k y.B.P.), during which time planktonic species — Cyclotella bodanica Eulenst. and C. stelligera Cl. & Grun. appeared for the first time. From ca. 11.–10k y.B.P. the lake was dominated by Fragilaria pinnata Ehr.v. pinnata, F. construens v. venter (Ehr.) Grun. and F. construens (Ehr.) Grun. The reappearance of these species, coincident with distinct changes in sediments, organic matter, pollen types and influx rates, is believed to represent the influence of the younger Dryas climatic cooling. Little Lake appears to have reverted to a period of only partial summer melting. The ca. 10k y.B.P. warming is marked by a Navicula/Cymbella/Cyclotella community, representing growth of both littoral and planktonic communities. Navicula was subsequently replaced by Eunotia and Tabellaria, and finally by a Pinnularia/Stauroneis/Eunotia community, in which Fragilaria pinnata v. pinnata and F. construens v. venter increase again. These two recent phases represent increasing growth of a littoral community, and some increase in littoral alkaliphilous elements. Trends in organic matter and pigment values are consistent with a gradual increase in biomass, particularly from ca. 10k y.B.P. Diatom growth is indicative of increasing littoral and benthic growth with time, but there is no indication that Little Lake was ever eutrophic.     

Utility of scaled chrysophytes for inferring lakewater pH in northern New England lakes

Scaled chrysophytes in the surface sediments of 58 soft-water northern New England lakes were analyzed to assess their usefulness for inferring pH. The distributions of many taxa are correlated with lakewater pH and associated variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and clustering grouped chrysophyte taxa according to their distributions along the pH gradient. For example, Chrysodidymus synuroideus, Mallomonas hindonii, and M. hamata commonly occur in acidic waters (pH<5.5), whereas M. caudata and M. pseudocoronata are common in circumneutral to alkaline waters. Of the five predictive models developed to infer pH, CCA based calibration had the lowest standard error (0.35 pH units). A CCA based predictive model was also developed to infer total alkalinity. The study provides strong evidence that, in the absence of past measured pH data, stratigraphic studies of sedimentary chrysophyte scales will provide accurate reconstructions of pH in northern New England lakes.This is the sixth of a series of papers to be published by this journal which is a contribution of the Paleoecological Investigation of Recent Lake Acidification (PIRLA) project. Drs. D.F. Charles and D.R. Whitehead are guest editors for this series.     

Holocene vegetation history of Bundjalung National Park and Bungawalbin Creek,north‐eastern New South Wales

Few studies have been conducted into the environmental history of the North Coast region of New South Wales (NSW). To address this, two sedimentary sequences located in the coastal Bundjalung National Park and at Bungawalbin Creek, just north of the Park (both near Evans Head, NSW) have been investigated. Palynological and geochemical analyses were used to reconstruct the history of the sites. Fossil pollen evidence representing much of the Holocene period — basal radiocarbon dates of 8700 ± 60 years BP and 6600 ± 60 years BP are available from the Bundjalung National Park and Bungawalbin Creek sites, respectively — indicates a dynamic past environment, with an overall tendency towards drier conditions. This evidence is supported, in part, by charcoal analyses indicating an increase in the occurrence of fire over time. Chemical analyses of the sediments indicate that the Bungawalbin site was strongly influenced by estuarine conditions, whereas the Bundjalung National Park site was only influenced indirectly by estuarine conditions.     

乡村工业化对中国乡村城市转型的影响

本文从“乡村空间变化”的观点出发,分析了乡村工业化对新乡村经济空间,新乡村社会空间和新乡村地理空间形成和发展的影响,探讨了乡村工业化与乡村城市转的区域不平衡性,提出了中国乡村城市转型过程中几个应重视和研究的问题。