一个人造台风方案及其在移动套网格模式中的应用

发展了一个用于台风路径预报的初始场人造台风方案。该方案除包含对称台风环流外,也考虑了非对称凤的作用。使用双向移动套网格模式作的试验预报结果表明,初始场中引入人造台风后能明显提高路径预报的水平。      

牛山湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹结构与理化因子的关系

对牛山湖5个站点的浮游生物群落DNA多态性进行了RAPD指纹和PCR-DGGE指纹分析,并探讨了其与理化因子的关系.结果如下:1)从40条随机引物中筛选出9条引物,共获得93条谱带,多态率为58%;各站点所得谱带平均为67条,其中I站最少,为61条,V站最多,为74条;2)PCR-DGGE指纹图谱共含102条谱带,其中原核生物56条,真核生物46条,谱带总数以Ⅲ站、Ⅳ站和V站较多,Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站较少;3)Ⅱ站的总磷、叶绿素、化学耗氧量、硬度及电导率最高;各站点间溶氧和pH差异较小.相似性聚类分析表明,浮游生物群落DNA指纹将5个站点划分为两支,Ⅰ站和Ⅱ站聚为一支,Ⅲ站、Ⅳ站和V站聚为另一支,理化因子将Ⅰ站、Ⅲ站、Ⅳ站和V站聚为一支,Ⅱ站单独聚为一支.研究表明牛山湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹结构与理化因子具有一定的相关性,并且与环境主要限制因子总磷的含量是密切相关的.因此,浮游生物群落级水平DNA分析能简便、准确、迅速地反映水质状况,这方面资料的积累可以为建立一种基于分子生物学简便而灵敏的水环境评价体系提供科学依据.     

Structural dynamics of bacterioplankton assemblages in the Lagoon of Venice

In this study we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of planktonic bacterial assemblages at four different sites in the Lagoon of Venice. Samples were collected in January, April, July and October 2005 and several parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, dissolved macronutrients, dissolved and particulate organic carbon, viral and heterotrophic nanoplanktonic abundances) were determined in order to highlight the most important factors which are implied in shaping such assemblages. Furthermore we tested the relationship between similar assemblages and the patterns of activities (prokaryotic carbon production and several hydrolytic activities) that they perform in order to establish if, in this highly variable environment, similar assemblages behave in analogous ways. Results indicate that seasonality act as the main forcing on the communities. Moreover, we found a mismatch between community structure and patterns of activity possibly as a consequence of the heterogeneity of the lagoon which can affect in turn the assemblages' metabolic requirements (and thus their responses).     

不同碳源富集的石油烃降解菌群结构的分析

以原油和正十六烷为唯一碳源,从长期受石油污染的环境中富集和分离具有不同功能的石油烃降解菌,并利用平板法和PCR-DGGE法时不同碳源富集到的菌群结构进行分析.结果表明,利用2216E平板从以原油和正十六烷为碳源的富集液中各得到两株菌,分另11为TJ-1、TJ-2和TJL-1和TJL-2,分子生物学方法鉴定结果表明,这4株菌分别为短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、威尼斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter venetianus)、Oceanobacillus picturaeP和短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus).PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,以原油和正十六烷为碳源的富集液中优势菌分别有5种和2种,且2种富集液中的优势菌明显不同.对比PCR-DGGE和平板法分析结果,可以看出PCR-DGGE法能够提供更全面的菌群结构信息.     

PCR-DGGE解析阴离子交换膜生物反应器反硝化过程中微生物群落结构变化

通过扫描电镜和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法考察了进水NO3-浓度变化对阴离子交换膜生物反应器微生物种群结构的影响。研究结果表明,在进水NO3-浓度从47.01 mg/L逐渐增加到168.55 mg/L的过程中,出水中NO3--N浓度满足我国饮用水水质标准中小于10 mg/L的要求。电镜扫描图显示微生物的形态结构发生了很大变化。对不同阶段的样品进行PCR-DGGE图谱和相似系数分析,发现随着反应的持续进行,微生物种群结构发生了演替变化,证实污泥微生物生态能够迅速进行优胜劣汰的筛选,调整内部微生物种群结构,从而达到适应环境的目的。     

运用PCR-DGGE技术对3种原甲藻18S rDNA部分序列的差异性分析

采用3对特异性引物,对中国近海常见3种原甲藻的18S rDNA的部分序列进行PCR扩增,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)对PCR产物进行了差异性分析。结果表明,各对引物具有不同的区分效果,选择包含较多差异碱基的短片段进行扩增,可以对藻种进行更好的区分;PCR-DGGE技术具有较高的灵敏性,不同藻种间即使1个碱基的差异也可以区分开;PCR-DGGE技术可以对3种原甲藻进行区分。     

Spatiotemporal pattern of bacterioplankton in Donghu Lake

Bacterioplankton play key roles in the biogeochemical cycle and in organic contaminant degradation. The species richness and abundance of bacterial subgroups are generally distinct from each other, and this is attributed to their different functions in aquatic ecosystems. The spatiotemporal variations of eight phylogenetic subgroups （Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria） derived from Donghu Lake were investigated using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting, to explore their responses to environmental factors. Results indicate that Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria were the two largest bacterial subgroups detected. These two groups and Bacteroidetes showed clear seasonal patterns in composition of the operational taxonomic unit. Results also suggest that the bacterioplankton subgroups in Donghu Lake were significantly correlated with different environmental factors. In brief, the total nitrogen was one of the major factors regulating all the bacterioplankton except for Actinobacteria. However, total phosphorus, another important eutrophication factor, contributed to the two largest bacterial groups （Actinobacteria and beta-Proteobacteria）, as well as to the Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. Therefore, the responses of bacterioplankton subgroups to environmental factors were different, and this should be attributed to the differences in the fimctions of different groups.     

Bacterial diversity of gut content in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) and its habitat surface sediment

This study investigated the bacterial diversity of gut content of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) and its habitat surface sediment in a bottom enhancement area using PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) technique. Bacterial diversity evaluation showed that the value of the Shannon-Wiener index of gut content in different intestinal segments of A. japonicus varied between 2.88 and 3.00, lower than that of the surrounding sediment(3.23). Phylogenetic analysis showed that bacterial phylotypes in gut content and the surrounding sediment of A. japonicus were closely related to Proteobacteria includingγ-, α-, δ-and ε-proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicute, and Actinobacteria, of which γ-proteobacteria were predominant. These results suggested that the sea cucumber A. japonicus was capable of feeding selectively, and PCR-DGGE was applicable for characterizing the bacterial community composition in gut content and the surrounding sediment of sea cucumber. Further investigation targeting longer 16S rDNA gene fragments and/or functional genes was recommended for obtaining more information of the diversity and function of bacterial community in the gut content of sea cucumber.     

GSTA is a major glutathione S-transferase gene responsible for 4-hydroxynonenal conjugation in largemouth bass liver

We have previously shown that largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has a remarkable ability to conjugate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a mutagenic and cytotoxic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde produced during the peroxidation of lipids. In addition, we have isolated a glutathione S-transferase cDNA (bass GSTA) that encodes a recombinant protein which is highly active in 4HNE conjugation and structurally similar to plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) GSTA. In the present study, HPLC-GST subunit analysis revealed the presence of at least two major GST isoforms in bass liver, with one peak constituting 80% of the total bass liver GST protein. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and electrospray ionization analysis of the major bass GST subunit yielded a molecular weight of 26,396 kDa. Endo-proteinase Lys-C digestion and Edman degradation protein sequencing of this GST peak demonstrated that this protein was encoded by bass GSTA. Analysis of genomic DNA fragments isolated by nested PCR indicated the presence of a GST gene cluster in bass liver that contained GSTA, and was similar to a GST gene cluster characterized by Leaver et al., in plaice. Collectively, our data indicates the presence of a major GST in bass liver involved in the protection against oxidative stress. This GST is part of a gene cluster that may be conserved in certain freshwater and marine fish.     

Beyond the boom-bust cycle: An interdisciplinary framework for analysing crop booms

The expansion of commercial agriculture is one of the primary drivers of livelihood and land-use changes in the world. Globalisation and other factors have intensified this expansion to the point where booms in single cash crops overtake entire regions before going bust, a pattern that is particularly pervasive in resource frontiers. Using case studies across the Mekong Region, a place which serves as a harbinger for crop booms globally, we propose a new analytical framework for understanding and governing crop booms. We combine multiple theoretical approaches to study crop booms and draw on insights from case study work conducted across temporal and spatial scales. The framework consists of three components: 1) the nested nature of crop boom-bust trajectories, 2) the cyclical spatial and temporal patterns of crop booms, and 3) the variegated pathways and impacts of agrarian change. The framework presents new insights into the processes of agricultural intensification in frontier spaces. As such, it facilitates a better understanding of the drivers, characteristics and impacts of crop booms for researchers and decision-makers alike with the intention of supporting efforts to develop more sustainable pathways in the region and beyond.