Geochemistry, Geochronology, Sr-Nd Isotopic Compositions of Jiang Tso Ophiolite in the Middle Segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone and Their Geological Significance

The Jiang Tso ophiolite,situated in the middle segment of the Bangong- Nujiang Suture Zone,is a part of the easternmost Qieli Lake ophiolite subzone and is close to the south of Pung Lake ophiolite. The rock association of Jiang Tso ophiolite is relatively complete and is mainly composed of metamorphic peridotite,gabbro and diabase. Comparing with N-MORB,the ophiolite is high in Mg and low in Ti,K,Na,P,and is depleted in Nb,Ta,Hf,Th and enriched in Rb,Sr and Ba. Geochemical characteristics of the Jiang Tso ophiolite indicate it is of a supra-subduction zone type formed in the spreading ridge of back arc basin. The SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircons from the gabbro yielded a weighted average age of 188.1±4.1 Ma(MSWD=1.4),indicating the Jiang Tso ophiolite was formed in the late stage of early Jurassic. The Sr,Nd isotopic compositions show that the Tethyan mantle domain is the depleted mantle(DM),with enriched mantle domain II(EM II). They have the same Sr,Nd isotopic composition with the India Ocean MORB type.     

Basaltic and Solution Reference Materials for Iron,Copper and Zinc Isotope Measurements

Iron, Cu and Zn stable isotope systems are applied in constraining a variety of geochemical and environmental processes. Secondary reference materials have been developed by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), in collaboration with other participating laboratories, comprising three solutions (CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn) and one basalt (CAGS‐Basalt). These materials exhibit sufficient homogeneity and stability for application in Fe, Cu and Zn isotopic ratio determinations. Reference values were determined by inter‐laboratory analytical comparisons involving up to eight participating laboratories employing MC‐ICP‐MS techniques, based on the unweighted means of submitted results. Isotopic compositions are reported in per mil notation, based on reference materials IRMM‐014 for Fe, NIST SRM 976 for Cu and IRMM‐3702 for Zn. Respective reference values of CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn solutions are as follows: δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.83 ± 0.07 and δ⁵⁷Fe = 1.20 ± 0.13, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.57 ± 0.06, and δ⁶⁶Zn = ?0.79 ± 0.12 and δ⁶⁸Zn = ?1.65 ± 0.24, respectively. Those of CAGS‐Basalt are δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.15 ± 0.07, δ⁵⁷Fe = 0.22 ± 0.10, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.12 ± 0.08, δ⁶⁶Zn = 0.17 ± 0.13, and δ⁶⁸Zn = 0.34 ± 0.26 (2s).     

综合大洋钻探计划311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩碳、氧稳定同位素特征

为了探索水合物背景下沉积物中自生矿物响应,对采自综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）311航次沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩颗粒进行了矿物组成、形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素特征等研究。X光粉晶衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）结果显示碳酸盐岩颗粒的主要矿物成分是铁白云石和方解石,呈多孔状结核和不规则状集合体产出。碳酸盐岩颗粒的碳稳定同位素δ¹³C_PDB低至-41.50‰,证实其碳源源自甲烷,其成因与甲烷厌氧氧化过程有关,印证了研究区存在海底甲烷渗漏现象,是甲烷水合物赋存区重要的识别标志之一。碳酸盐岩颗粒的氧稳定同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB总体上随着沉积物深度增加而减小,可能指示沉积物的背景温度由下而上（从早到晚）逐渐降低。研究结果提供了现代海洋天然气水合物背景下沉积物中自生碳酸盐岩的碳、氧稳定同位素记录,对于寻找我国海域天然气水合物资源,探索地史时期古海洋沉积物中类似的甲烷事件记录具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

硼同位素及其地质应用研究

硼的两个稳定同位素（10B 和11B）相对质量差较大,因此,硼同位 素分馏较显著。由于分析测量技术方面的改进和创新, 硼同位素地球化学近年来有了长足 的发展。业已查明,自然界中δ11B值变化为 －37‰～+58‰。其中,较负的 δ11B值见于非海相蒸发硼酸盐矿物和某些电气石,而较正的δ11B值见 于某些盐湖卤水和蒸发海水。现代大洋水的δ11B值十分恒定 (+39,5‰)。原始 地幔的δ11B值估测为－10‰±2‰。陨石的δ11B值很不均一,变化 可达90‰。而月岩的δ11B值变化较小（－6‰～+4‰）。由于硼同位素存在大的 分馏和不同地质体中截然不同的δ11B值,硼同位素地质应用范围十分广泛。目 前,硼同位素在研究星云形成过程和宇宙事件,壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程,判别沉积 环境,研究矿床成因,示踪古海洋和古气候条件,和判断环境污染源区等方面的研究中成效显著。     

Isotope variations in a Sierra Nevada snowpack and their relation to meltwater

Isotopic variations in melting snow are poorly understood. We made weekly measurements at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, California, of snow temperature, density, water equivalent and liquid water volume to examine how physical changes within the snowpack govern meltwater δ¹⁸O. Snowpack samples were extracted at 0.1 m intervals from ground level to the top of the snowpack profile between December 1991 and April 1992. Approximately 800 mm of precipitation fell during the study period with δ¹⁸O values between −21.35 and −4.25‰. Corresponding snowpack δ¹⁸O ranged from −22.25 to −6.25‰. The coefficient of variation of δ¹⁸O in snowpack levels decreased from −0.37 to −0.07 from winter to spring, indicating isotopic snowpack homogenization. Meltwater δ¹⁸O ranged from −15.30 to −8.05‰, with variations of up to 2.95‰ observed within a single snowmelt episode, highlighting the need for frequent sampling. Early snowmelt originated in the lower snowpack with higher δ¹⁸O through ground heat flux and rainfall. After the snowpack became isothermal, infiltrating snowmelt displaced the higher δ¹⁸O liquid in the lower snowpack through a piston flow process. Fractionation analysis using a two-component mixing model on the isothermal snowpack indicated that δ¹⁸O in the initial and final half of major snowmelt was 1.30‰ lower and 1.45‰ higher, respectively, than the value from simple mixing. Mean snowpack δ¹⁸O on individual profiling days showed a steady increase from −15.15 to −12.05‰ due to removal of lower δ¹⁸O snowmelt and addition of higher δ¹⁸O rainfall. Results suggest that direct sampling of snowmelt and snow cores should be undertaken to quantify tracer input compositions adequately. The snowmelt sequence also suggests that regimes of early lower δ¹⁸O and later higher δ¹⁸O melt may be modeled and used in catchment tracing studies.     

Lithium and lithium isotope profiles through the upper oceanic crust: a study of seawater-basalt exchange at ODP Sites 504B and 896A

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 504B near the Costa Rica Rift is the deepest hole drilled in the ocean crust, penetrating a volcanic section, a transition zone and a sheeted dike complex. The distribution of Li and its isotopes through this 1.8-km section of oceanic crust reflects the varying conditions of seawater alteration with depth. The upper volcanic rocks, altered at low temperatures, are enriched in Li (5.6-27.3 ppm) and have heavier isotopic compositions (δ⁷Li=6.6-20.8‰) relative to fresh mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) due to uptake of seawater Li into alteration clays. The Li content and isotopic compositions of the deeper volcanic rocks are similar to MORB, reflecting restricted seawater circulation in this section. The transition zone is a region of mixing of seawater with upwelling hydrothermal fluids and sulfide mineralization. Li enrichment in this zone is accompanied by relatively light isotopic compositions (−0.8-2.1‰) which signify influence of basalt-derived Li during mineralization and alteration. Li decreases with depth to 0.6 ppm in the sheeted dike complex as a result of increasing hydrothermal extraction in the high-temperature reaction zone. Rocks in the dike complex have variable isotopic values that range from −1.7 to 7.9‰, depending on the extent of hydrothermal recrystallization and off-axis low-temperature alteration. Hydrothermally altered rocks are isotopically light because ⁶Li is preferentially retained in greenschist and amphibolite facies minerals. The δ⁷Li values of the highly altered rocks of the dike complex are complementary to those of high-temperature mid-ocean ridge vent fluids and compatible to equilibrium control by the alteration mineral assemblage. The inventory of Li in basement rocks permits a reevaluation of the role of oceanic crust in the budget of Li in the ocean. On balance, the upper 1.8 km of oceanic crusts remains a sink for oceanic Li. The observations at 504B and an estimated flux from the underlying 0.5 km of gabbro suggest that the global hydrothermal flux is at most 8×10⁹ mol/yr, compatible with geophysical thermal models. This work defines the distribution of Li and its isotopes in the upper ocean crust and provides a basis to interpret the contribution of subducted lithosphere to arc magmas and cycling of crustal material in the deep mantle.     

河南栾川百炉沟铅锌矿床地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学

百炉沟矿床是近年来在盛产斑岩_矽卡岩型钼矿床的河南栾川地区新发现的一处铅锌矿床,位于豫西南牛心剁穹状背斜之西侧,与栾川地区的南泥湖、三道庄、上房沟、马圈等斑岩型及斑岩_矽卡岩型钼矿床相毗邻。矿体呈脉状、板状产在中元古界变质碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩层中,受NWW向层间断裂构造控制。矿石由闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、石英、方解石等矿物组成。矿石中石英和闪锌矿所捕获的原生流体包裹体有富液体气液两相包裹体、富气体气液两相包裹体、纯气体包裹体、含子矿物三相包裹体等4种类型,邻近分布,其均一温度相近,表明成矿过程中可能存在流体沸腾作用。气液两相包裹体的均一温度为180～327℃,以中温（250～260℃）为主;盐度 w (NaCl_eq)为4.0%～14.0%,以5.0%～9.0%为主;依据均一温度峰值所对应的压力（38.94～44.87 MPa）,求得成矿深度为1.44～1.66 km。表明该矿床明显具有浅成、中温、低盐度热液成矿的特征。单个流体包裹体的气相成分至少有纯H₂O蒸汽、N₂+CO₂+CH₄、N₂+CO₂和N₂+CH₄等4种组合。矿石中石英和方解石内包裹体水的δD_V-SMOW为-76‰～-90‰,方解石的δ¹³C_V-PDB为-0.44‰～1.80‰,选取所对应的流体包裹体均一温度,计算得到包裹体水的δ¹⁸O_水为2.51‰～10.96‰,反映出成矿流体的主体为岩浆热液。矿石中硫化物的δ³⁴S_V-CDT为-1.2‰～10.9‰,其峰值（1‰～2‰）与该地区斑岩型钼矿床中的硫化物相近,指示其具有岩浆来源硫的特征。矿石中硫化物²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.552～18.426,²⁰⁷Pb/^{204Pb=15.451～15.5794,208Pb/204Pb=38.264～39.637,反映出成矿金属主要来自于岩浆,有少量地层岩石铅的加入。百炉沟铅锌矿床应属受层间构造控制的中温岩浆热液充填-交代矿床。}     

Variation of δ18O, δD and 3H in karst springs of south Kashmir,western Himalayas (India)

Water samples were collected from cold and warm karst springs for stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δD) and ³H from SE of Kashmir valley (western Himalayas) to distinguish the sources of recharge and infer their recharge areas. The spring water samples were most depleted in heavier isotopes in May (average δ¹⁸O: ?8.87‰ and δD: ?50.3‰) and enriched in September (average δ¹⁸O: ?7.58‰ and δD: ?48.1‰). The depleted ¹⁸O and ²H of spring waters bear the signatures of winter precipitation while as the enriched ¹⁸O and ²H of spring waters bear the signature of summer rainfall. D‐excess and ³H corroborate with the stable isotope results that the spring flow in spring season (May) and autumn (September) is dominantly controlled by the melting of winter snowmelt and summer rainfall, respectively. The results showed that unlike δD, the δ¹⁸O value in the karst spring waters decreases in January suggesting δ¹⁸O shift. The spring water samples also fall above the Local Meteoric Water Line and Global Meteoric Water Line indicating the δ¹⁸O shift due to interaction of groundwater with the host carbonate rocks during its traverse. The mean elevation of the recharge areas of the springs using δ¹⁸O and δD tracers was also estimated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中天山卡瓦布拉克杂岩带中闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征

卡瓦布拉克杂岩带出露于中天山地块东段卡瓦布拉克—阿克塔格地区,沿卡瓦布拉克断裂呈东西向展布。笔者选择构成该杂岩带的中—基性岩石主体闪长岩,开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Hf同位素研究。结果表明:闪长岩中锆石呈自形—半自形,发育典型的岩浆锆石振荡生长环带,Th/U值较高(均大于0.40),且Th、U含量呈现较好的正相关关系,为典型的岩浆成因锆石;这些锆石的206Pb/238 U年龄加权平均值为(375±1)Ma,MSWD=0.081,属晚泥盆世,可代表其结晶年龄;锆石具有较均一的Hf同位素组成,初始比值为0.282 655~0.282 747、εHf(t)值为4.0~7.2,其对应的亏损地幔模式年龄为714~842Ma。结合区域地质资料认为,卡瓦布拉克杂岩带中的闪长岩由亏损岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融而形成。     

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and Nd isotope composition of the Rainbow hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Petrological, geochemical, and Nd isotopic analyses have been carried out on rock samples from the Rainbow vent field to assess the evolution of the hydrothermal system. The Rainbow vent field is an ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal system located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge characterized by vigorous high-temperature venting (∼365°C) and unique chemical composition of fluids: high chlorinity, low pH and very high Fe, and rare earth element (REE) contents (Douville et al., Chemical Geology 184:37–48, 2002). Serpentinization has occurred under a low-temperature (<270°C) retrograde regime, later overprinted by a higher temperature sulfide mineralization event. Retrograde serpentinization reactions alone cannot reproduce the reported heat and specific chemical features of Rainbow hydrothermal fluids. The following units were identified within the deposit: (1) nonmineralized serpentinite, (2) mineralized serpentinite—stockwork, (3) steatite, (4) semimassive sulfides, and (5) massive sulfides, which include Cu-rich massive sulfides (up to 28wt% Cu) and Zn-rich massive sulfide chimneys (up to 5wt% Zn). Sulfide mineralization has produced significant changes in the sulfide-bearing rocks including enrichment in transition metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Co) and light REE, increase in the Co/Ni ratios comparable to those of mafic Cu-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits and different ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope ratios. Vent fluid chemistry data are indicative of acidic, reducing, and high temperature conditions at the subseafloor reaction zone where fluids undergo phase separation most likely under subcritical conditions (boiling). An explanation for the high chlorinity is not straightforward unless mixing with high salinity brine or direct contribution from a magmatic Cl-rich aqueous fluid is considered. This study adds new data, which, combined with the current knowledge of the Rainbow vent field, brings compelling evidence for the presence, at depth, of a magmatic body, most likely gabbroic, which provides heat and metals to the system. Co/Ni ratios proved to be good tools used to discriminate between rock units, degree of sulfide mineralization, and positioning within the hydrothermal system. Deeper units have Co/Ni <1 and subsurface and surface units have Co/Ni >1.