Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrates production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect

Natural gas hydrates (NGHs) are globally recognized as an important type of strategic alternative energy due to their high combustion efficiency, cleanness, and large amounts of resources. The NGHs reservoirs in the South China Sea (SCS) mainly consist of clayey silts. NGHs reservoirs of this type boast the largest distribution range and the highest percentage of resources among NGHs reservoirs in the world. However, they are more difficult to exploit than sandy reservoirs. The China Geological Survey successfully carried out two NGHs production tests in the Shenhu Area in the northern SCS in 2017 and 2020, setting multiple world records, such as the longest gas production time, the highest total gas production, and the highest average daily gas production, as well as achieving a series of innovative theoretical results. As suggested by the in-depth research on the two production tests, key factors that restrict the gas production efficiency of hydrate dissociation include reservoir structure characterization, hydrate phase transition, multiphase seepage and permeability enhancement, and the simulation and regulation of production capacity, among which the hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism are crucial. Study results reveal that the hydrate phase transition in the SCS is characterized by low dissociation temperature, is prone to produce secondary hydrates in the reservoirs, and is a complex process under the combined effects of the seepage, stress, temperature, and chemical fields. The multiphase seepage is controlled by multiple factors such as the physical properties of unconsolidated reservoirs, the hydrate phase transition, and exploitation methods and is characterized by strong methane adsorption, abrupt changes in absolute permeability, and the weak flow capacity of gas. To ensure the long-term, stable, and efficient NGHs exploitation in the SCS, it is necessary to further enhance the reservoir seepage capacity and increase gas production through secondary reservoir stimulation based on initial reservoir stimulation. With the constant progress in the NGHs industrialization, great efforts should be made to tackle the difficulties, such as determining the micro-change in temperature and pressure, the response mechanisms of material-energy exchange, the methods for efficient NGHs dissociation, and the boundary conditions for the formation of secondary hydrates in the large-scale, long-term gas production.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

内蒙古多伦县沸石岩特征研究

本文首次报道内蒙古多伦县的白石头沟口和二等泉两个矿区的沸石岩特征。研究区沸石岩的矿物组合为斜发沸石、蒙脱石、长石、鳞石英、石英和少量的丝光沸石。沸石岩化学成分比较稳定,两个矿区沸石岩的ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３比值均在５．６左右,属高硅型沸石岩;白石头沟口沸石岩ｗ（Ｋ２Ｏ）＞ｗ（ＣａＯ）＞ｗ（Ｎａ２Ｏ）;二等泉沸石岩ｗ（ＣａＯ）＞ｗ（Ｋ２Ｏ）＞ｗ（Ｎａ２Ｏ）,属钙－钾型或钾－钙型沸石岩。沸石岩平均吸铵量约为９４×１０－２ｍｍｏｌ／ｇ,阳离子选择交换性能表现为Ｋ＋＞Ｎａ＋,Ｃａ２＋＞Ｍｇ２＋。多数沸石岩的热稳定性可稳定至７００℃不破坏结构。酸碱度平均值为７．３４～７．７５。     

广西资源红辉沸石水热制备纳米微孔材料--沸石分子筛

利用广西红辉沸石资源水热制备纳米微孔材料——沸石分子筛，其工艺流程为“红辉沸石”(预处理) 氢氧化钠 铝酸钠 水→水热反应→晶化合成→过滤、洗涤、烘干→沸石分子筛产品。基于大量实验研究，确定了水热制备A型、P型和X型沸石的最佳工艺技术参数，制备出了质量较高的沸石分子筛产品，并综合分析了红辉沸石粒度、石英杂晶、晶化时间以及反应混合物组成对沸石分子筛水热制备的影响，指明了今后研究工作的努力方向。     

塔里木盆地柯克亚地区天然气和凝析油的地球化学特征与成区

柯克亚气田的油气成因复杂，对原油和可能烃源岩的分子标志物特征进行了剖析，在凝析油中检测到3-甲基甾烷，不含4-甲基甾烷，富含重排藿烷和C30^-未知萜烷．表明油源主要来自于二叠系源岩。柯克亚的天然气重烃含量高，属湿气，乙烷碳同位素偏重；天然气氩同位素和成熟度特征均指示混源气特征，通过气源判识天然气主要来源于石炭系一二叠系源岩，部分来源于侏罗系源岩。天然气的乙烷δ^13C值明显重于凝析油全油δ^13C值，揭示柯克亚地区凝析油和天然气分属不同来源。     

Infrastructure failure interdependencies in extreme events: power outage consequences in the 1998 Ice Storm

This paper addresses the problem of interdependent failures of critical infrastructures in disasters. Disruptions to critical infrastructure systems such as electric power or transportation frequently cause major social and economic loss in disasters, both directly and through failures in one system leading to or compounding disruptions in another. Strategic approaches regarding infrastructure failures are needed to guide community mitigation and preparedness efforts. This paper defines and provides a conceptual framework for investigating infrastructure failure interdependencies (IFIs) from the standpoint of societal impacts. In order to identify empirical patterns, a unique database has been developed of IFIs observed in major electric power outage events. This paper presents analysis of this data for a major Canadian disaster, the 1998 Ice Storm that affected the northeastern region of the country. The analysis identifies IFIs due to power outage caused by the storm that are of greatest societal concern. These represent potential foci for effective, targeted pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness efforts. The framework and approach are broadly applicable across a range of natural and human-induced hazards.     

Levels and distributions of organic source tracers in air and roadside dust particles of Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

The concentrations of n-alkanes, unresolved complex mixture (UCM), petroleum molecular markers, other tracers of cooking and burning emissions, and natural background in atmospheric particles and roadside dust particles were measured at eight locations in the city center and the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Atmospheric particles were collected using high-volume filtration (PM-10, GFF) over 24 h average periods. Road dusts were swept up, dried and sieved. Both types of samples were extracted with dichloromethane/methanol mixture (3:1 v/v) by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractionated by column chromatography and the alkanes subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total extracts were also analyzed directly by GC–MS after silylation. The molecular distributions of compounds as well as diagnostic geochemical ratios were determined in order to identify the sources of the organic compounds. Samples collected from a rural area and lubricating oils were also analyzed for comparisons. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources such as vehicular emissions, waxes of higher plants, food cooking operations, and biomass and domestic refuse burning processes contributed to the organic matter content of atmospheric and to lesser extent, roadside dust particles.     

塔里木盆地柯克亚地区天然气和凝析油的地球化学特征与成因

柯克亚气田的油气成因复杂,对原油和可能烃源岩的分子标志物特征进行了剖析,在凝析油中检测到3-甲基甾烷,不含4-甲基甾烷,富含重排藿烷和C30-未知萜烷,表明油源主要来自于二叠系源岩。柯克亚的天然气重烃含量高,属湿气,乙烷碳同位素偏重;天然气氩同位素和成熟度特征均指示混源气特征,通过气源判识天然气主要来源于石炭系—二叠系源岩,部分来源于侏罗系源岩。天然气的乙烷δ13C值明显重于凝析油全油δ13C值,揭示柯克亚地区凝析油和天然气分属不同来源。     

从天然气水合物的角度看四川盆地的天然气来源

业已查明在海床中存在天然气水合物,由此推论地质历史上的海洋中同样存在这种水合物,且主要赋存于深海槽及其两侧地区。另外,世界上已知大油气区多与来自古地槽区的油气源有关。在四川盆地发现的巨大天然气储量难以由已知源岩提供,因此可以考虑到秦岭、龙门山在上扬子地块北缘、西缘的大陆边缘深水槽区,它们在回返造山过程中由天然气水合物的释放和迁移可能提供了大量气源。类似的地台(块)区油气勘探选区可由此借鉴。     

中国东部中生代盆地非金属成矿系列及成因机制

本文通过对中国东部中生代火山-沉积建造特征及其中膨润土、沸石和珍珠岩成矿系列和形成规律的研究,认为上述非金属矿床的成矿作用主要受中生代北东、北北东向断陷带和断陷盆地的控制。区域构造控制了火山活动和沉积作用,从而控制了盆地的形成和演化,使其中堆积了相当厚的多旋回陆相火山-沉积建造,为膨润土、沸石等矿床的形成提供了丰富的类似的物源、相似的转化介质及古气候、古地理等必要的条件和环境。从而构成了上述非金属矿产共生与伴生的成矿系列,并广泛分布于中国东部三个成矿区和五个成矿带之中。     

天然沸石在环保中的应用

天然沸石具有良好的离子交换性，吸附性及较好的催化性等性能，且资源丰富、价格低廉，在水处理、空气净化、放射性废物处理和抗菌剂的制备等环境保护与污染治理方面得到了广泛的应用。但目前我国天然沸石的开发利用总体水平还比较低，应加强各种天然沸石的成分，结构和性能研究，大力加强天然沸石的改型改性工艺技术研究，扩大天然沸石在环保中的应用范围。