陕西省米脂县地质灾害的成因及防治对策

米脂县是陕西省地质灾害较严重的地区之一。地质灾害点数量多,规模小,活动频繁,危害程度大,已造成巨额的经济损失和大量的人员伤亡,严重地制约着当地经济、社会的可持续发展,威胁着人民群众生命财产安全。文中分析了米脂县地质灾害的主要类型及特征,进行了地质灾害易发程度分区,总结了地质灾害的成因机理。认为该县地质灾害的发育与地形地貌、地质构造、降水和人类不规范工程经济活动密切相关。随着人类活动的日益加剧,人为因素已成为地质灾害发生的主导诱发因素。为此,文中提出米脂县地质灾害的防治应突出“以人为本”,坚持预防为主,避让与治理相结合,同时要不断规范人类工程经济行为,合理利用地质环境,提高当地群众的防灾减灾意识和自我保护意识,逐步建立和健全群专结合的地质灾害监测预警系统。     

生草覆盖和植物篱措施对红壤坡地土壤侵蚀调控效应研究

以安溪官桥为研究区,在已有研究工作的基础上采取野外调查与人工降雨野外模拟试验相结合的方法,研究了植被对山坡地土壤侵蚀的调控机理．研究表明,翻耕地在生草覆盖的条件下,产流量与径流系数均减少70％左右,平均入渗率提高3倍多．说明生草覆盖条件下大量的降雨以入渗的形式流入土壤中,且径流含沙量与产流产沙量均显著低于生草覆盖前,其中平均含沙量减少87．5％,产沙量减少97％．根据对野外试验小区的多年观察,说明植物篱具有缓解坡度、提高土壤抗冲性等明显的保水保土效益．因此,采取适当措施减少产流量以及提高降雨向土壤水分的转化率,均可有效减少坡地土壤流失量．     

Research of the Activity of Earthquakes Induced by Water Injection of Salt Mining in Changning County,Sichuan Province

According to information from on-the-spot investigations, the tectonics of salt mining areas and digital seismic records, we studied the activity of earthquakes induced by water pumping in and out of the salt mines in Shuanghe town, Changning county, Sichuan Province. The study found that the rates of water injection and extraction in the Shuanghe salt mining region were evenly matched before April 2006 and earthquake activity was stable. On the other hand, shallow small and moderate earthquake numbers increased sharply after the water injection rate became much larger than the water extraction rate. Large injection over a long time may causes the permeation of water through pre-existing small fractures and micro-cracks in the Changning anticlinal and accelerate the rupture of micro tectonic formations in nearby regions, inducing small earthquake swarm activity. The Q value calculated by using digital earthquake records indicates a relatively inhomogeneous medium in this area. The results of the accurate location of small earthquakes show that sources are relatively shallow and are concentrated at a depth of 2km to 3km. Focal mechanism solutions reveal a normal dip-slip character of shallow earthquakes. All of these show certain characteristics of earthquake activity induced by water injection.     

海伦地区粮食生产资源利用系统分析

采用机制法对作物生产潜力模型进行了光、温、水、土逐级订正,对海伦地区的主要粮食生产潜力进行估算;并选取产量衰减量、资源满足率和资源增产潜力三个指标评价了农业资源的利用效率。结果表明,光合生产潜力为16801.4kg/hm2,光温生产潜力为12483.9kg/hm2,气候生产潜力为9799.1kg/hm2,农业自然生产潜力为8248.4 kg/hm2。如果以光温生产潜力作为目标产量,海伦地区尚有74.01%的上升潜力,且玉米的资源增产潜力高于大豆。社会经济因素是影响生产潜力实现的重要因素,自然资源中温度对产量的限制作用最大,其次是水分和土壤。在此基础上结合实地考查,对当地的粮食生产资源进行了系统分析,寻找影响粮食产量持续增长的限制性因素。     

省域尺度县域综合发展潜力评价指标体系研究——兼论云南省主体功能区划中省域综合发展潜力评价方法

区域综合发展潜力评价方法研究,是经济地理学、区域经济学理论研究的重要内容,也是国家主体功能区规划实践的迫切需求。从省域县级综合发展潜力评价特性、目标与内容入手,建构了显示性、解释性两类指标构成的省域综合发展潜力评价指标体系框架。并结合云南省主体功能区划研究建立了由目标层-指标层-指标项三级复合而成的省域县级综合发展潜力评价指标体系及其初步量化与综合测度方法。     

重庆市县域综合发展水平差异的时空特征分析

选择重庆市40个县域2001年和2006年的相关统计数据,采用因子分析法建立县域综合发展水平测度模型．运用统计学软件SPSS15．0．对重庆市县域综合发展水平差异进行评价和类型区划．并利用ARCGIS9．2软件分别绘制出2001和2006年40个县域的综合发展水平空间分异图。结果表明．县域综合发展水平的差距依然比较显著．在因子上由2001年的社会发展规模因素转化为2006年的工业化发展因素．空间上呈现出距离区域增长极空间位置的远近和交通可达的难易而逐层递减的圈层分异特点。     

1958—2007年福海县大风天气统计分析

对1958—2007年福海县大风天气资料进行统计分析。结果表明：20世纪50—70年代福海县为大风天气的多发年代,80年代开始呈明显下降趋势,1993年之后年大风日数稳定在20 d左右;春季大风最多,冬季最少;大风持续时间多在0—5 h之间,持续时间大于等于19 h的大风过程多出现在春秋季;大风出现月份为5—8月,以下午机率最多,其他月份无明显差异;平原地区大风最多,中低山区次之,沙漠地区最少;春夏季多偏西风,秋冬季多偏东风,且偏西风风速大于偏东风风速,最大风速多为偏西风。     

重庆丰都岩溶区植烟土壤肥力特征及综合评价研究

以重庆市丰都县植烟区石灰岩土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内分析方法,并采用主成分分析法和模糊数学隶属度函数模型估算出土壤适宜性指数（SFI）,进而对土壤养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明:（1）该岩溶区植烟土壤pH多呈弱酸性至中性,有23.08 %的土壤样品pH低于5.00,这些土壤酸化问题较为突出;（2）有机质和氮含量丰富,78.85 %的土样有机质含量处在植烟所需的最适宜范围（15～30 g/kg）内,全部土样的碱解氮含量均在植烟所需的适宜范围（65～100 mg/kg）内,且变异系数仅为0.92 %;（3）土壤全磷表现出中至高含量水平（＞0.6 g/kg）,但土壤有效磷供应不足,20.93 %土样有效磷含量处在缺乏水平（＜10 mg/kg）以下;（4）土壤钾元素供应充足,全钾含量全部处于丰富或极丰富水平（＞25 g/kg）,超过81.84 %土样其速效钾含量处于植烟所需的适宜范围(＞150 mg/kg)内;（5）该岩溶区土壤肥力整体水平不高,仅15.38 %土样的综合肥力为较高水平（0.70＞SFI≥0.60),57.69 %为中低等水平（0.60＞SFI≥0.40),26.93 %为低水平(SFI≤0.40),这与岩溶地区土壤贫瘠且侵蚀退化严重、施肥不合理等因素有关。为此,建议科学耕作,抑制土壤侵蚀退化,同时通过撒施生石灰等调节土壤pH,并适当提高复合肥中磷素比例。      

福建省永定县大排铅锌矿的找矿思路创新和突破

福建永定县大排矿区是历经多次地质工作的老矿区,之前仅作为一个小锰矿在开采。本项目成功运用新理论正确指导找矿、运用新方法实施找矿,发现并基本查明该矿为一以铅锌矿为主,并共、伴生铁矿、铜矿、钼矿、银矿、锰矿等多种矿产的大型多金属矿床,矿种为浅部铅锌多金属矿经铜多金属至深部磁铁矿,成因类型为层控-矽卡岩型→层控-热液叠加改造型,该矿床的发现进一步丰富了区域矿床成因理论,拓展了区域找矿思路。     

Quantitative measuring and influencing mechanism of urban and rural land intensive use in China

Land use issue is an important constraining force to limit economic sustainable development of China. Urban and rural rapid expansion depletes valued land resources under the background of rapid urbanization. An extensive use pattern might cause a serious waste of land resources. The study on influencing mechanism of land intensive use （LIU） in China at the county level is a key tool for effective LIU practice and policy-making. This paper uses OLS model, Spatial Panel Lagged model and Spatial Panel Error model to quantitatively analyze the influencing mechanisms of five class factors and 17 variables supported by GIS （Geographic Information System） and MATLAB. And a comprehensive data set was devel- oped including physical geography and socio-economic information of 2286 counties. Meanwhile, the spatiotemporal pattern of LIU has discussed by means of GIS. The results show that Spatial Panel Data models are slightly superior to OLS model in terms of signifi- cance and confidence level. Regression results of these models indicate that industrialization, urbanization, economic development level, location, transportation and policy have significant impact on LIU of counties. The variables of physical geography are less significant than socio-economic variables. An ignored variable of historical factor, however, became the best significant factor. In the future, the LIU at the county level should take advantage of the new situation by enhancing favorable factors and reducing disadvantageous ones, which can be acquired by improving the entire level and quality of industrialization and urbanization. We argued that an efficient and complete land market and operating system should be built to reflect market-oriented activities at the first place, then, differential LIU regulation policies and measurements should be optimized according to regional differences. In the meantime, we should pay close attention to the carrying capacity of local resources and environments when conducting LIU practices.