中国塔里木板块南华纪成冰事件及其地层对比

"雪球地球"假说为全球新元古代冰碛岩研究注入了新的活力。各国地质学家根据新元古代冰碛岩全球各大洲发育的特点,并依据同位素年龄、δ13C/δ18O和Sr的比值和化学蚀变指数(CIA)为全球的新元古界划分出4个冰期,但国际上的4个冰期的限定,是各大洲不同剖面冰期的集合。新元古代冰期事件周期变化视为早期生物复苏和早期动物分异的起点。由于国际埃迪卡拉系底界(GSSP)年龄,即成冰系顶界年龄确定后,使成冰系底界年龄成为当前研究的重点。中国新疆塔里木板块库鲁克塔格地区新元古代冰碛岩是目前世界各大陆中发育有4套连续的新元古代冰碛岩和多期火成岩事件的唯一剖面,它的进一步深入研究,可以备考全球冰期的同步性,以期建立全球新元古代冰碛岩标准剖面。本文报道了来自塔里木西南缘南华系波龙组的碎屑锆石年龄,有助于我们对塔里木板块西南缘南华系时代的限定。     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE LADAKH RANGE, NORTHWEST INDIAN HIMALAYA

OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF THE LADAKH RANGE, NORTHWEST INDIAN HIMALAYA     

白垩纪快速气候变化研究新进展——温室世界中的冰川证据

白垩纪被认为是两极无冰的典型温室气候时期,但近年来对于白垩纪存在短暂冰川甚至是极地冰盖的猜想引起了越来越多的关注。根据前人提出的冰川或气候变冷证据,如冰川遗迹、全球海平面快速下降事件以及δ18O正偏事件等,总结了白垩纪可能存在冰川的时期,包括Berriasian Valanginian之间、Valanginian晚期、Barremiana期、Aptian Albian之交、Albian Cenomanian之交、Cenomanian中期和末期、Turonian中期、Coniacian中期、Santonian早期、Campanian晚期、Campanian Maastrichtian之交和Maastrichtian末期等。对这些证据的有效性进行详细的讨论,同时也对白垩纪冰川的可能成因进行探讨。笔者认为,白垩纪即便存在冰川,也是小规模、短暂地存在,因此,精确的年代学约束是进行白垩纪冰川研究的前提;米兰科维奇旋回控制下的气候波动是白垩纪形成短暂冰川的可能成因。     

新元古代重大地质事件及其与生物演化的耦合关系

新元古代的地球表层系统经历了超大陆裂解与重组、大规模冰期、古海洋氧化、埃迪卡拉生物群辐射与灭绝、后生动物兴起等一系列重大变革,这些地质事件与生物演化在时空上的耦合关系长期受多学科交叉研究领域的广泛关注。Rodinia超大陆的裂解伴随有超级地幔柱活动、古地磁真极移等复杂响应,裂解过程影响了大气圈和水圈中氧气和二氧化碳的循环,并可能直接导致了新元古代极端的气候条件。构造格局的变动对生物的影响主要体现在物质来源和生存环境的改变上,强上升洋流和强地表径流区域的富营养化促使生物大量繁盛。“雪球地球”期间巨大的选择压力为生物的多样化演变提供了可能,而其后冰川的快速消融则促进了生产力的爆发式增长及多种沉积矿产的形成。与此同时,大气-海洋氧气含量的增加和海水化学结构的改变使得多项元素及同位素指标发生了地质历史上最大幅度的波动,这种特殊的地质背景可能最终对生物演化产生了极为深刻的影响。     

Last glaciation and maximum glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau: A controversy to M. Kuhle’s ice sheet hypothesis

Since the late 1950’s, many Chinese scientists have explored the remains of the Quaternary glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its surrounding mountains. In the main, 3–4 glaciations have been recognized. The largest one occurred in the Late Middle Pleistocene with piedmont glaciers, ice caps and trellis valley glaciers in many high peak regions. But here is no evidence of a unified ice sheet covering the whole plateau as described by M. Kuhle. Due to the further uplifting of the Himalayas and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau the climate became progressively driver, diminishing the extension of glaciers during the Late Pleistocene. The elevation of the snow line during the Last Glaciation was about 4,000 m on the south, east and northeast edges of the plateau and ascended to 5500 m on the hinder northwest of the plateau. The thermal effect of the big plateau massif, the sharp increase of aridity from the southeast rim to the northwest inland area and the abrupt decrease of precipitation during the Ice Age largely account for the distribution of the Quaternary glaciers in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The neglect of Chinese literature may be one of the causes accounting for M. Kuhle’s misinterpretation on the environment of the Quaternary glaciations in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

宜阳罗圈组的发育特征和成因探讨

本文根据河南宜阳罗圈组发育特征和分布规律，结合华北地台西南缘罗圈组发育和分布概况，论述了其成因和成因类型，提出了罗圈组时代的归属，认为罗圈组应是大陆高原冰川活动产物。其时代应属早震旦世晚期，大体相当于南沱组。     

The last glaciation of Germania Land and adjacent areas,northeast Greenland

A profile across the unglaciated coast of northeast Greenland at 77°N was studied with regard to the Quaternary stratigraphy and glacial history. The Germania Land peninsula is characterised by till-covered lower ground which contrasts sharply with the blockfields and extensive gelifluction deposits of its higher altitudes. Two glaciations are distinguished. The older one extended over the entire area and had its margin on the continental shelf. The younger one, of Late Weichselian age, reached the present coastline and several mountains and high plateaus on western Germania Land formed nunataks. The Late Weichselian glaciation was more extensive and occurred later on the Germania Land peninsula than on the coast further south. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the glacier margin rested to the east of the present coastline until ca. 10 000 yr BP. This correlates with the Late Weichselian Milne Land Stage, which is found as a late glacial readvance along the coast of East Greenland. A series of recessional moraines formed during the deglaciation were probably caused by glacier dynamics, as opposed to being of climatic origin.     

网纹红土的成因及其研究意义

本文阐述我国网纹红土的分布和特征,着重讨论网纹红土的形成原因,指出网纹红土可表征我国南方中更新世以来新构造运动的幅度和性质,并可作为我国东部是否存在古冰川作用的佐证.     

Quaternary glaciation of the Bale Mountains,Ethiopia

Central Ethiopia comprises a high plateau at 2000–3000 m, formed from Tertiary lava flows and bisected by the Eastern African Rift. Ten volcanic mountains rise to altitudes of just over 4000 m, but on only three has Quaternary glaciation been substantiated by published field observations. On the Bale Mountains (4400 m), a previous report based on limited evidence proposed an ice‐cap extending to 600 km². Based on aerial photographs and ground surveys, this paper reports evidence of a more complex situation. A wide spread of large erratic boulders on the plateau records a central ice cap of 30 km², though ice probably extended for a further 40 km². Further north two groups of deeply incised and clearly glaciated valleys contain moraines and roches moutonnées (60 km²). On interfluves between them and on the open north slopes are moraines from an earlier stage of the same glaciation or from a distinct older event. Altogether about 180 km² may have been glaciated. Cores dated by ¹⁴C from inside and outside the glaciated area suggest that at least the northern valley glaciers may date from the Last Glacial Maximum. Estimated equilibrium line altitudes for these glaciers and the ice‐cap are 3750–4230 m. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.