冰川底部富铁溶液氧化沉淀:塔里木北缘新元古界库鲁克赛铁矿床的成因

新元古代沉积变质铁矿床是继大氧化事件(GOE)后,沉积间断10亿年(~1800 Ma至~750 Ma)之后,再次大规模出现的一种沉积铁建造类型。这类铁建造与新元古代冰碛岩密切伴生,是新元古代雪球地球事件的重要证据。文章选择与新元古代雪球地球事件有关的沉积变质赤铁矿床—库鲁克赛铁矿进行研究,通过锆石U-Pb定年和区域地层对比工作限定其形成时代为新元古代青白口纪末期—南华纪早期。锆石年龄谱值对比和岩相学研究表明,铁矿床中的碎屑物质主要来自于青白口系下部独断山组石英砂岩地层。主、微量元素研究表明,库鲁克赛铁矿形成于相对富氧或者从贫氧向富氧变化的环境,其成矿元素应主要与陆源物质风化有关,可能有少量成矿元素来自于低温海底热液或海水。笔者认为,库鲁克赛铁矿的形成与成冰纪冰水沉积作用有关,来自冰下水体、从冰下通道中流出的富铁缺氧水溶液与富氧的表层海水混合时,成矿元素快速氧化沉淀,胶结冰水中的近源砾石,进而形成了此种富铁砾岩型铁矿。     

扬子地区江口冰期地层的划分对比与南华系层型剖面

我国南方扬子板块是国际上新元古代冰期地层最具代表性的地区之一,冰期记录出露广泛,研究程度较高,为国内外学者所关注。当前,国际上普遍认为新元古代主要有两次全球性大冰期,一般以澳大利亚的Sturtian和Marinoan冰期为代表,扬子地区的南沱冰期和江口冰期与之相对应。但是,围绕扬子地区冰期地层的划分对比一直存在较大争议。关于上冰期的对比,虽然曾出现过不同的意见,但随着南沱组年龄数据的获得看法已趋于一致。目前主要分歧来自对下冰期和间冰期的认识。我国目前通常使用的名称,如“长安冰期”、“富禄间冰期”和“古城冰期”等与国际上的认识有差异,对新建的“南华系”地层划分和对比产生了不同的理解。根据扬子地区地质工作的多年积累和研究的成果,以“江口群”取代原“江口组”,使之成为扬子地区代表下冰期沉积的统一地层单元,江口群涵盖了下冰期的长安组、富禄组及与之相关的地层单元;扬子地区的下冰期相应地称为“江口冰期”,与国际上的Sturtian冰期可以很好地对应,含义更完整。我国南方对应于Sturtian和Marinoan冰期的是江口冰期和南沱冰期。湘黔桂地区的新元古代冰期地层保存最完整连续,其中贵州黎平县的肇兴剖面可考虑作为新元古代冰期地层的候选层型剖面。     

Geomorphological evidence from the Lleyn Peninsula constraining models of the magnitude and rate of isostatic rebound during deglaciation of the Irish Sea Basin

A stepped series of sand and gravel terraces on the Lleyn peninsula of North Wales is used to test the magnitude and rate of isostatic depression required by the recently proposed glacimarine model of deglaciation of the Irish Sea Basin. A relative sea-level fall of 70 m is required while the ice remained pinned at the north Lleyn coast. Even taking the maximum known rate of isostatic uplift, the margin would have to remain stationary for 1400 years. It seems more reasonable to interpret the Lleyn terraces, and similar features around the Irish Sea Basin, as glacifluvial and glacilacustrine.     

东海陆架的古河道和古三角洲

基于１９９６年中法东海海洋地质调查电火花单道地震资料,确定了晚更亲世早期和中期长江（黄河）水下三角洲的分布范围和大致时间。中更新世晚期东海陆架为一自西南向东北倾斜的河流冲积平原,晚更新世以来自西北方向的大型河流的三角洲受此控制主要发育在东北部较低地区。东海陆架较大古河道多发育在末次冰期中的亚间冰期（氧同位素３期）。     

末次冰盛期以来日本海浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化

生物标志物法已经被广泛应用于重建海洋浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。本文利用这种方法重建了日本海末次冰盛期以来浮游植物生产力和群落结构变化。结果显示,生物标志物含量在末次冰期最盛期21～19 ka和14～4 ka时有高值,而在19～14 ka、4～0 ka有低值。末次冰期最盛期时生物标志物的高含量是由于分层导致的底层水缺氧,生物标志物得到较好保存的结果,而此时日本海盐度很低,使颗石藻相对含量很低;19～14 ka陆源输入减少,日本海生产力水平较低,不断增加的盐度使浮游植物群落结构由硅藻、甲藻占优转变为颗石藻占优;14～4 ka对马暖流流量的加大提高了日本海的初级生产力,同时高营养盐利于硅藻、甲藻的生长,使颗石藻的相对比例减小;4 ka以后随冬季风的增强和黑潮减弱,对马暖流减弱,供应的营养盐减少,日本海生产力水平降低,使颗石藻的相对比例增大,硅藻、甲藻的相对比例减小。     

一个晚元古代水下冰足刻蚀作用的记录——水下冰推垄

在现代高纬陆棚冰海区的海底底床上,有大量由海冰形成的水下冰足机械刻蚀迹,但在古代冰期地层中却极少报道。笔者在湖南省石门县中岭乡杨家坪的震旦系剖面上发现一丘状构造,经分析,推断为一水下冰足刻蚀记录(图1)。该构造出露于南华大冰期的下冰期地层东山峰组底界以下约60m,在渫水河组上部。     

The Neopleistocene of North European Russia: Stratigraphy,paleogeography, and paleoclimate

The Pleistocene sediments of North European Russia have been studied using different methods to establish their composition and identify the enclosed organic remains. The results obtained elucidate natural climatic environments of the Pleistocene and corresponding sedimentation cycles and development stages. Glaciation centers are identified for different Pleistocene epochs based on lithological criteria. The established secular trends characterizing spatial distribution and composition of different-age glacial horizons facilitate their regional correlation. Climatic conditions and paleogeographic settings of sedimentation during interglacial epochs of the middle-late Pleistocene and Holocene are reconstructed. Variations in development of vegetation, temperature, and humidity are detected for the first time in the Timan-Pechora-Vychegda, Arkhangel’sk and Vologda regions with parallel coordination of obtained data. As is concluded, there was a tendency of climate cooling in North European Russia during the Neopleistocene.     

“Greatest lake period” and its palaeo-environment on the Tibetan Plateau

The “greatest lake period” means that the lakes are in the stage of their maximum areas. As the paleo lake shorelines are widely distributed in the lake basins on the Tibetan Plateau, the lake areas during the “greatest lake period” may be inferred by the last highest lake shorelines. They are several, even tens times larger than that at present. According to the analyses of tens of lakes on the Plateau, most dating data fell into the range of 40-25 ka BP, some lasted to 20 ka BP. It was corresponded to the stage 3 of marine isotope and interstitial of last glaciation. The occurrence of maximum areas of lakes marked the very humid period on the Plateau and was also related to the stronger summer monsoon during that period.     

Ice flow direction during late Paleozoic glaciation in western Paraná Basin, Brazil

The recent discovery of ice-striated surfaces associated with the late Paleozoic Aquidauana Formation suggests that glaciers coming from southwest Africa reached westernmost parts of the Paraná Basin in central Brazil. Abrasion features were developed by glaciers moving from SSE towards NNW, mainly on an unconsolidated bed. These records expand to about 1,050,000 km², the coverage of the late Paleozoic glaciation in the region of the Paraná Basin in Western Gondwana.

Resumen

A recente descoberta de superfícies estriadas associadas à Formação Aquidauana, de idade permocarbonífera, sugere que as geleiras provenientes do sudoeste da África alcançaram as porções ocidentais da Bacia do Paraná, na região central do Brasil. As feições de abrasão foram geradas pelo deslocamento de geleiras de SSE para NNW, principalmente sobre substrato inconsolidado. Estes novos registros evidenciam que a glaciação neopaleozóica cobriu uma área de pelo menos de 1.050.000 km² na região ocupada pela Bacia do Paraná no Gondwana Ocidental.     

莲沱砂岩——南华大冰期前气候转冷的沉积记录

湖北宜昌地区出露的莲沱组中上部细屑岩的化学蚀变指数(CLA)介于60～70之间,表明是在寒冷干燥的气候条件下沉积的。比较莲沱组与板溪群中下部沉积岩的主化学成分和 CIA 值表明,板溪群源区遭受过强烈的化学风化,相应的古气候是温暖湿润的,而莲沱组源区化学风化弱,可见两者形成时的古气候环境明显不同。根据 CIA 值推测,地层层序上莲沱组位于板溪群的中上部,莲沱砂岩的 CIA 研究表明南华大冰期前全球气候已经从温暖湿润转变为寒冷干燥,CIA 值继续降低预示着全球性的冰期到表,不久就发生了"雪球地球"事件。