Clinoform geometry,geomorphology, facies character and stratigraphic architecture of a sand‐rich subaqueous delta: Jurassic Sognefjord Formation,offshore Norway

The integration of core sedimentology, seismic stratigraphy and seismic geomorphology has enabled interpretation of delta‐scale (i.e. tens of metres high) subaqueous clinoforms in the upper Jurassic Sognefjord Formation of the Troll Field. Mud‐prone subaqueous deltas characterized by a compound clinoform morphology and sandy delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms are common in recent tide‐influenced, wave‐influenced and current‐influenced settings, but ancient examples are virtually unknown. The data presented help to fully comprehend the criteria for the recognition of other ancient delta‐scale subaqueous clinoforms, as well as refining the depositional model of the reservoir in the super‐giant Troll hydrocarbon field. Two 10 to 60 m thick, overall coarsening‐upward packages are distinguished in the lower Sognefjord Formation. Progressively higher energy, wave‐dominated or current‐dominated facies occur from the base to the top of each package. Each package corresponds to a set of seismically resolved, westerly dipping clinoforms, the bounding surfaces of which form the seismic ‘envelope’ of a clinoform set and the major marine flooding surfaces recognized in cores. The packages thicken westwards, until they reach a maximum where the clinoform ‘envelope’ rolls over to define a topset–foreset–toeset geometry. All clinoforms are consistently oriented sub‐parallel to the edge of the Horda Platform (N005–N030). In the eastern half of the field, individual foresets are relatively gently dipping (1° to 6°) and bound thin (10 to 30 m) clinothems. Core data indicate that these proximal clinothems are dominated by fine‐grained, hummocky cross‐stratified sandstones. Towards the west, clinoforms gradually become steeper (5° to 14°) and bound thicker (15 to 60 m) clinothems that comprise medium‐grained, cross‐bedded sandstones. Topsets are consistently well‐developed, except in the westernmost area. No seismic or sedimentological evidence of subaerial exposure is observed. Deposition created fully subaqueous, near‐linear clinoforms that prograded westwards across the Horda Platform. Subaqueous clinoforms were probably fed by a river outlet in the north‐east and sculpted by the action of currents sub‐parallel to the clinoform strike.     

A new genus of Scoliidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeast China

A new genus and species of Scoliidae (Hymenoptera), Sinoproscolia yangshuwanziensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Inner Mongolia, China and attributed to the subfamily Proscoliinae. Some characteristics, including complete crossveins 1r-rs and 2r-m in the forewing, and a free section present in almost all longitudinal veins indicate a basal position of the new genus in Proscoliinae. The presence of vein 2A suggests its atavistic origin in Sinoproscolia gen. nov. rather than a true plesiomorphy.     

Ruffordia goeppertii (Schizaeales,Anemiaceae) – A common fern from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeast Brazil

Extraordinarily well preserved fern macrofossils of Ruffordia goeppertii (Dunker) Seward (Schizaeales, Anemiaceae) are described from the Lower Cretaceous (late Aptian) Nova Olinda Member of the Crato Formation, northeast Brazil. The identification is based on the morphology of macrofossils and in situ spores, taken from organically preserved material. This extinct, relatively small fern exhibits dimorphic fronds with sterile and fertile pinnules and schizaeoid sporangia, including cicatricose spores. The growth form with clearly differentiated sterile and fertile pinnae may be interpreted as an ancestral state in the phylogeny of the extant genus Anemia. The abundance of this fern reflects its role as ground cover in at least partly (dry) sunny areas, possibly in fern savannah-like habitats, with adaptations to survive drought stress. Finds of Ruffordia in northern Gondwana extend the wide palaeogeographic range of this taxon.     

New material of the large-bodied caenagnathid Caenagnathus collinsi from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta,Canada

A reexamination of large caenagnathid material from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada, reveals undescribed material referable to Caenagnathus collinsi. A femur, two astragalocalcanei, two metatarsals, two unguals, and a caudal vertebra provide anatomical information on Caenagnathus collinsi. Estimates of femoral length based on the proportions of other oviraptorids suggest that the non-femoral material represents a taxon intermediate in size between Chirostenotes pergracilis from the Dinosaur Park Formation and Anzu wyliei from the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation. The femur is within the range of predictions, and confirms the body size estimates based on the other material. The large size of the material and a number of morphological characters distinguish the material from Chirostenotes pergracilis and suggest that it is referable to Caenagnathus collinsi. The relative diversity of caenagnathids in the Dinosaur Park Formation is likely underestimated.     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。     

藏北羌塘盆地角木茶卡地区下二叠统展金组烃源岩特征及意义

在羌塘盆地中央隆起带附近角木茶卡南发现一套下二叠统展金组含凝灰质烃源岩。依据露头样品和测试数据,从有机质丰度、有机质类型及成熟度方面对这套烃源岩特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,展金组烃源岩有机碳含量在0.35%~0.98%之间,达到了烃源岩标准,且大部分接近中等烃源岩标准;通过干酪根镜鉴、干酪根元素分析、干酪根碳同位素等结果分析,其有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型;有机质镜质组反射率Ro为1.54%~1.59%,岩石热解峰温Tmax介于467~530℃之间,干酪根腐泥组颜色为棕黄色,显示有机质热演化处在高成熟阶段。研究结果显示该套烃源岩具有较好生烃潜力,在以后的勘探中要予以重视。     

深部细粒碎屑岩储层成岩作用研究——以苏北盆地张家垛油田阜三段为例

毗邻烃源岩的细粒储层,由于其岩石结构、组分及沉积环境的特殊性,成岩作用表现出一定差异。本文以张家垛油田阜三段细粒碎屑岩储层为例,通过铸体薄片、X射线衍射、扫描电镜等相关分析,研究其成岩作用的特殊性。研究结果表明:(1)细粒储层的成分成熟度和结构成熟度较高,常被泥岩包裹,在压实作用中若存在欠压实,粒间孔可以被很好地保留下来;(2)细粒储层形成时水动力较弱,杂基含量高导致微孔较多;(3)大量的粘土矿物使孔隙比表面增加,抑制了后期硅质和碳酸盐胶结物的析出;(4)比表面的增加减缓了孔隙流体的对流速率和扩散速率,不利于次生孔隙的形成,粒度越细,次生孔隙越不发育。细粒碎屑岩储层有别于常规储层,对其特殊的成岩作用进行研究具有重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

四川广元长江沟大隆组的沉积特征及与烃源岩关系的研究

四川广元长江沟上二叠统大隆组是以灰岩为主夹泥岩的沉积类型,生物群组合面貌十分丰富,沉积特征以还原、低能、低速、缺氧为特点。根据生物群组合面貌和沉积特征,其形成环境应为较深"浅水",而并非"半深海"。本区大隆组由于生物多样性和始终处于特殊的斜坡和缺氧环境,具有优质烃源岩特征,有机碳平均含量达5%,是四川今后寻找油气的有效标志层。     

扬子板块埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)陡山沱组层序地层划分与对比

在对扬子板块埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组不同相区的25条代表性剖面野外研究基础上,通过沉积岩石学和岩相序列特征的系统分析,认为陡山沱组沉积时期曾发生3次二级海平面升降事件。依据3个海平面升降转换面,可识别出3个层序底界面:(1)陡山沱组底部与下伏南华系南沱组及其同期层位的冰碛杂砾岩之间的界面;(2)在浅水沉积区陡山沱组中部和上部分别出现喀斯特侵蚀面;(3)在深水沉积区相应层序界面为岩相结构转换面。依据火山灰锆石U-Pb同位素年龄,可将陡山沱组层序地层划分为2个半二级层序或超层序(SS1,SS2和SS3-TST),其中SS1时限为35Ma(635~600Ma),SS2时限为35Ma(600~565Ma),SS3-TST时限为14Ma(565~551Ma)。陡山沱组底部广泛发育的盖帽白云岩底和3个层序内的最大海泛面可以作为4个相对等时面,结合事件沉积标志层,可建立扬子板块陡山沱组从浅水沉积区至深水沉积区等时性二级层序地层划分对比格架。研究结果表明,三峡地区陡山沱组四段式划分方案不适用于整个扬子板块内陡山沱组的区域地层划分和对比。因而,建议扬子板块陡山沱组应该以二级层序地层为基础,结合化学地层和生物地层进行综合划分和对比。陡山沱组新的地层划分对比格架为研究陡山沱组古地理演变和编制该时期高精度的岩相古地理图奠定了基础。     

川北早寒武世碳酸盐岩台缘斜坡沉积特征及变形构造形成机制探讨

基于对川北米仓山西部旺苍县鼓城乡唐家河下寒武统仙女洞组露头剖面的观察与镜下分析发现,仙女洞组下段由生物碎屑泥晶灰岩(L)、粉砂质泥岩(M)、似瘤状砾屑灰岩(L')、角砾灰岩(R)、藻凝块灰岩(A)和含生屑钙质砂岩(S)组合而成,其以角砾灰岩、似瘤状砾屑灰岩和藻凝块灰岩为特征,且发育异地岩块和滑塌变形构造。进一步分析认为:L-M岩石组合为正常的斜坡环境低能沉积;L'-R岩石组合中的角砾灰岩为上斜坡生物灰泥丘崩坍滑动至下部而形成的,似瘤状砾屑灰岩可能是由于L-M岩石组合快速沉积导致沉积物失稳滑动变形、上斜坡生物灰泥丘崩落角砾致使的差异压实和滑动、以及后期物质成分差异引起的压溶作用等共同作用的结果,从而使灰质层发生破碎并被泥质包围形成断续的砾屑状,甚至轻微的位移,进而形成条带特征不明显的杂乱变形构造;微生物岩(Mb)组合为上斜坡的灰泥丘沉积;S-M岩石组合为斜坡上部的浊流沉积。根据上述分析结果建立米仓山西部仙女洞组碳酸盐岩台缘斜坡沉积模式,表明仙女洞组沉积早期米仓山西部存在台缘斜坡相沉积。