城市生态位测度研究——以天山北坡城市群为例

依据生态位理论,界定了城市生态位等相关概念。以天山北坡城市群为研究对象,选取1980-2010年人口、产业和投资等数据,根据城市生态位宽度模型、分异指数模型和重叠指数模型,分析了该城市群中各城市生态位空间宽度、生态位结构变化及其相互作用关系,为实现城市群的持续发展提供了新视角。结果表明：天山北坡城市群中,乌鲁木齐和石河子的人口生态位较大,而在经济生态位及资源生态位方面乌鲁木齐和克拉玛依位居前两位,说明城市生态位具有不连续性特征。天山北坡城市群中经济生态位宽度最大值的城市是最小值城市的32倍,说明天山北坡城市群中城市生态位宽度的差异悬殊。同时,天山北坡城市群的人口、经济及资源生态位分异指数均呈现下降趋势,人口与经济要素在空间上的不平衡得以改善,城市之间人口、经济发展的差距在逐渐缩小。天山北坡城市群正逐渐由“单中心”城市群向“多中心”城市群演进。在城市生态位重叠指数方面,城市之间的重叠指数呈现不断增大趋势,说明天山北坡城市之间的产业结构趋同性增强,同质竞争日趋激烈。针对天山北坡城市群城市生态位特征,按照专业化分工协作的要求,提出了城镇组团错位发展的设想。     

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52 a来秦岭南北径流变化对比及影响因素

运用集中期、M-K突变检验法、径流系数等数理统计方法,基于1960-2011年马渡王与南宽坪径流数据及气象数据,对比分析灞河与金钱河流域径流变化特征,揭示秦岭南北气候变化差异得出：（1）52 a来灞河与金钱河年均径流深变化趋势相似,金钱河年径流深的变异程度大于灞河;（2）灞河与金钱河流域径流与降水在年内分配上存在滞后效应,秦岭南北从流域降水开始经过停蓄、漫流、河槽集流,然后汇流至金钱河河道大概需要20 d 左右的时间;（3）秦岭南北气候因子突变的时间点具有一致性,均发生在1990年左右,该突变可能是由于大尺度的气候变化导致局部地区自然环境变化引起的;（4）径流变化的下降趋势是降水、气温、植被变化和人类活动综合作用的结果。20世纪90年代末的径流突变主要原因是气候变化引起的,人类活动对其影响十分微小,因此,某些明显的突变现象是由于大的气候变化引起的,人类活动的影响是一个长期的过程,所以对自然资源应采取开发与治理同时进行。     

大气环流背景下的武当山景区闪电时空分布

武当山是世界文化与自然遗产,因而武当山风景区的雷电防护尤为重要。截取风景区的地闪数据,以1 km2范围为基本单元,得到各单元内2008-01-01―2011-12-31期间的全部地闪频次、极性、强度等参数,分析武当山风景区雷电环境及武当山地理环境对雷电活动的影响。研究表明：研究区域闪电集中发生在6―8月份的午后T 14：00―18:00。闪电频数日变化规律明显,最大值出现在T 16:00,最小值出现在T 10:00―11:00。雷击大地密度整体上随高度表现出明显的增长趋势,雷电流强度平均值与高度大致呈现反向分布趋势,拟合出的雷击大地密度与高度关系式的相关系数R达0.834 56。大气环流特征表明,武当山雷电天气主要有3种类型：副热带高压西北部雷电型、高空槽雷电型和低涡雷电型,其中副热带高压西北部雷电型占主导。     

秦岭南北日照时数时空变化及突变特征

根据秦岭南北47个气象站1960-2011年逐月数据,采用样条曲线插值法（Spline）、气候倾向率、Pettitt突变点检测、相关分析等方法对该区日照时数的时空变化特征以及影响其变化的气象要素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究区多年平均日照时数为1 838.7 h,空间分布呈东北向西南递减格局,按各分区日照长短排序为秦岭以北>秦岭南坡>汉水流域>巴巫谷地。四季日照时数分布特征与年尺度上的结论基本一致,4个季节按其大小排序为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,四季均以秦岭以北的日照时数最大。（2）近52 a各区年日照时数变化趋势较为一致,绝大部分站点呈下降趋势。下降的站点占本区站点总数的比例排序为巴巫谷地>汉水流域>秦岭以北>秦岭南坡,秦岭以南的广大地区相对于秦岭以北日照下降更明显。春季47%的站点呈上升趋势,显著上升的站点集中于中部地区;夏季98%的站点呈显著下降趋势;秋季和冬季变化特征及其空间分布无明显规律。（3）年尺度、春季和夏季突变年份集中于1978-1981年间,秋季的突变特征不甚明显,突变年份和空间分布无明显规律性可言,冬季日照时数突变年份同步性和一致性较差。（4）绝大部分站点日照时数与风速、最高气温、平均气温呈正相关关系,与降水和相对湿度呈负相关关系,与最低气温关系不明显。     

Changes of temperature and precipitation extremes in Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in 1961–2008

Variations and trends in extreme climate events are more sensitive to climate change than the mean values,and so have received much attention.In this study,twelve indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation extremes at 32 meteorological stations in Hengduan Mountains were examined for the period 1961-2008.The results reveal statistically significant increases in the temperature of the warmest and coldest nights and in the frequencies of extreme warm days and nights.Decreases of the diurnal temperature range and the numbers of frost days and ice days are statistically significant.Regional averages of growing season length also display the trends consistent and significant with warming.At a large proportion of the stations,patterns of temperature extremes are consistent with warming since 1961:warming trends in minimum temperature indices are greater than those relating to maximum temperature.As the center of the Shaluli Mountain,the warming magnitudes decrease from inner to outer.Changes in precipitation extremes is low:trends are difficult to detect against the larger inter-annual and decadal-scale variability of precipitation,and only the wet day precipitation and the regional trend in consecutive dry days are significant at the 0.05 level.It can be concluded that the variation of extreme precipitation events is not obvious in the Hengduan Mountains,however,the regional trends generally decrease from the south to the north.Overall,the spatial distribution of temporal changes of all extreme climate indices in the Hengduan Mountains illustrated here reflects the climatic complexity in mountainous regions.     

Slope seismic response monitoring on the aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake in the Mianzhu section

Previous investigations have shown that the seismic response of slopes during the Wenchuan earthquake was highly variable.The present study tries to give an answer to the question:Which are the main factors affecting the seismic response degree of slopes? With the support of the China Geological Survey Bureau,we set 3 monitoring sections in Jiulong slope,Mianzhu city,China with the aim to record the site response of the slope during the aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake.After the Wenchuan earthquake,which happened on 12 May 2008,30 aftershocks have been recorded in these monitoring points.We analyzed 11 records,with magnitudes ranging from ML = 4.6 to ML = 3.1.The amplification factors of the horizontal compound PGA and 3D compound PGA have been determined for the 3 points at different elevations on the slope.Results showed that the dynamic response of the slope on the earthquake was controlled by factors such as topography and the thickness of the Quaternary overburden.     

A morphometric analysis of gullies scoured by post-fire progressively bulked debris flows in southwest Montana, USA

In the fall of 2001, an intense thunderstorm in southwest Montana triggered many debris flows in the burned area of Sleeping Child Creek. In most instances, the debris flows cut deep gullies into previously unchannelized colluvial hollows and deposited large volumes of sediment onto the valley floor. The presence of rill networks above the gullies as well as the absence of landslide features indicate that the gullies were scoured by progressively bulked debris flows, a process in which dilute surface runoff becomes increasingly more laden with sediment until it transforms into a debris flow. In this contribution, we present a morphometric analysis of six of the gullies to better understand this relatively understudied process. We find that the locations of the rill heads and gully heads conform to slope-area thresholds that are characteristic of erosion by overland flow. Our data also suggest that the volumes of the debris flows increase exponentially with normalized drainage area, thus lending support to an assumption used in a recently proposed debris flow incision law. Finally, the debris flow fans have been relatively unaltered since deposition, suggesting that the valley may be currently aggrading while the hillslopes are being denuded.     

福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制研究

建立有效的生态补偿机制是自然保护区取得资源环境保护和社区社会经济发展的关键。利用文献调研法、问卷调查法、访谈法、利益相关者分析法、机会成本法和意愿调查法等,分析福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态保护对社区的影响,从补偿主体、客体、标准、方式和途径等方面探讨福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿机制。研究结果表明,福建武夷山国家级自然保护区大部分社区居民对保护区的建立持赞同态度,这种态度受被调查者的教育程度、年龄和性别的影响;自然保护区的建立限制了社区社会经济的发展,使大多数社区居民收入减少,而社区居民没有得到相应的补偿;社区居民面临着资金不足、补偿措施不到位和缺乏致富技术等问题;确定了基于利益相关者分析和意愿调查的福建武夷山国家级自然保护区生态补偿的主体和客体;依据发展权限制的损失(包括退耕还林的机会成本、野生动物破坏造成的损失)、社区居民受偿意愿和受益者的支付意愿,制定了生态补偿的标准,明确了生态补偿的方式和途径。     

天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义

提取了天山北麓河流水系流域的常规地貌计量指标（盆地大小、面积和高差）以及面积高度积分,通过对流域面积高度积分曲线形态特征、面积高度积分值的分析,结合区域地质构造活动,探讨了面积高度积分对板内再生造山带新构造活动的指示意义以及天山北麓流域的地貌发育过程。研究表明,北天山流域的次集水盆地面积高度积分与次集水盆地的面积和高差都没有相关性,堆积作用和轻微构造抬升作用都会影响冲积扇区次集水盆地,使其面积高度积分值偏高。河流面积高度积分曲线形态和面积高度积分值在空间分布上的差异,反映了天山北麓3排逆断裂褶皱带的不同的构造活动特征。面积高度积分曲线的循环形态特征,揭示了强烈构造运动与河流剥蚀作用影响面积高度曲线形态发育的动态演绎过程。