东天山沙泉子铁铜矿区火山岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

沙泉子铁铜矿床是东天山地区赋存于火山岩中的矿床之一。矿体产于底坎尔组玄武岩与英安岩接触部位,在闪长玢岩与围岩接触带上也可见不规则铁矿化。对火山岩的形成时代以及构造地质背景的研究是重建成矿过程的关键。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,沙泉子铁铜矿区底坎尔组流纹岩和闪长玢岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为(321.7±1.7)Ma和(322.2±1.7)Ma,是早石炭世末岩浆活动的产物。元素地球化学和Hf同位素特征表明,底坎尔组火山岩属钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),具有岛弧火山岩地球化学特征。基性岩来源于受俯冲板片流体交代的亏损地幔,中性岩为基性岩分离结晶的产物,流纹岩是新生地壳物质部分熔融形成。综合前人研究成果表明,沙泉子铁铜矿床形成于早石炭世末陆缘弧环境,铁矿化不早于322 Ma。     

新疆西天山艾日垦其垦铜钼矿床成矿过程及其找矿潜力

艾日垦其垦矿床是近年发现的铜钼矿床,位于中国西天山东部,处在中亚成矿带腹地。主要赋矿岩石为二长花岗岩,可划分为钾化带、硅化带、青磐岩化带和绢英岩化带等4个明显的蚀变带,且成带状分布,主要受那拉提南缘断裂控制。本文对矿脉中钾长石和岩体中绢云母进行了年龄测试,结果显示热液作用时限为268.35±4.05 Ma,岩浆作用时限为321.43±4.24 Ma。主微量元素分析测试显示出赋矿岩体富Si（SiO₂=71.01%～73.94%）,富碱（Na₂O+K₂O=5.53%～7.80%）,贫钙（CaO=1.95%～2.93%）,高Sr（>417×10^-6）低Y（<12.3×10^-6）,总体上富集大离子亲石元素LILE（Ba、Th、Rb、K）,亏损高场强元素HFSE（Nb、Ta、Ti）,微量元素比值暗示曾发生下地壳加厚作用。流体包裹体测试结果显示出本矿床含矿脉体主要为变质流体包裹体,且近定向排列,具有低温低盐度特征,这与典型斑岩型矿床区别很大。研究认为本区在石炭纪岩浆侵入阶段并未形成矿床,但形成了铜钼等金属的预富集,二叠纪的热液作用是形成矿床的关键过程,与当时发生的韧性剪切作用关系密切,断裂为成矿热液上移提供动力和通道。     

1990—2010年长白山温带针阔叶混交林生长季及积温的变化

长白山温带针阔叶混交林作为典型的温带森林生态系统,对气候变化的反应比较敏感,其生长季及积温的变化是准确评价该我国东北林区气候变化的重要依据。本研究采用中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站获取的1982-2010年气温目值观测资料,分析了近20a该地区生长季长度及积温的变化,结果标明长白山温带针阔叶混交林29a的平均温度为3．6℃,29a中该地区气温有较弱的上升趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990-2010年生长季长度的平均值为174d,近20a中生长季长度呈弱增长趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990～2010年生长季起始日期变化较稳定,生长季终止日期有推后的趋势;长白山温带针阔叶混交林1990-2010年≥5℃的活动积温和有效积温平均值分别为2616．9℃、1744．8℃。近20a中,≥5℃活动积温和有效积温都有着缓慢升高的趋势。     

梅里雪山地区气温和降水的时空分异及海拔效应

梅里雪山地区是中国地形起伏最大的地区之一,其气候环境复杂多变、空间分异特征显著,对区域气温和降水的系统分析有助于揭示区域内冰川变化的原因和水文循环过程。站点观测的缺乏和再分析资料的低空间分辨率是精细刻画该地区气象条件的主要制约因素。研究中首先基于有限站点观测,采用尺度因子法和月尺度的回归校正对ERA5-Land产品进行校准;然后,考虑气温和降水的海拔效应,采用Anusplin插值的方式对校准后的结果进行统计降尺度。最终获得了梅里雪山地区近30年(1990—2020年）1 km空间分辨率的气温、降水数据,并以此分析了这一地区降水、气温的时空异质性及其在不同海拔梯度上的表现特征。结果表明,区域气温以0.15℃/(10 a)的速率呈显著上升趋势,且各季节升温的幅度及分布范围各异;降水则以-41.19 mm/(10 a)的速率呈显著下降趋势,整个区域呈“变暖变干”的倾向。区域增温具有明显的海拔依赖性,海拔低于4000 m和>5000 m时,增温不随海拔变化而变化,当海拔处于4000~5000 m时,增温幅度随海拔升高而增加。区域降水也具有显著的海拔梯度效应,当海拔<5000 m时,西坡降水随海拔的升高而减少,当超过该海拔后降水随海拔升高而增加;东坡降水始终随海拔升高而增加。梅里雪山气候变化的时空分异特征是大气环流背景和复杂地理环境共同作用的结果。区域持续的变暖及降水的减少可能会进一步加重该区冰川水资源的流失。     

黑龙江大兴安岭地区航磁异常特征及找矿效果

利用大兴安岭地区1∶5万高精度航磁资料,结合区域地质背景分析了该区航磁异常特征,依据地物化资料、已知矿(床)点的分布及成矿规律筛选出了一批航磁异常。在最新的高精度航磁图上,已知铁矿异常特征明显,经对比研究及综合查证发现了1处磁铁矿点及多处有色金属、贵金属矿点,在此基础上总结了查证经验,指明了今后采用航磁数据在区内的找矿方向。     

Snow avalanche susceptibility evaluation in the central Shaluli Mountains of Tibetan Plateau based on machine learning method北大核心CSCD

Snow avalanches,which are widely and frequently developed at high elevations,seriously threatens the built traffic corridors in the Tibetan Plateau. Susceptibility evaluation of snow avalanche via machine learning model with a high forecast accuracy can be appled to quickly and effectively assess the regional avalanche risk. This paper took the central Shaluli Mountain region as the study area,in which the snow avalanche inventory was established through remote sensing interpretation and field investigation verification. We quantitatively extracted 17 evaluation factors via GIS-based analysis,and these factors were selected through the variance expansion factor（VIF）. Four machine learning models containing SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were used to compile the susceptibility index map of snow avalanches,and kappa coefficient and ROC curve were used to verify the accuracy. The results suggested that the susceptibility indexes obtained from SVM,DT,MLP and KNN were in the range of［0,0. 964］,［0,815］,［0,0. 995］and［0,1］,respectively. The accuracy test results show that these four models all have good prediction accuracy. Among them,the SVM model is the best. The results also indicated that the areas with the high snow avalanche susceptibility mainly distributed in Genie Mountain and Rigong Mountain,most of which were above the planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The average altitude of the extremely high snow-avalanche-prone areas is 4 939 m,while the average altitude of the high snow avalanche-prone areas is 4 859 m. The snow avalanche has low perniciousness on the Sichuan-Tibet Highway and the Sichuan-Tibet Railway in the study area. This study can provide theoretical basis and method reference for disaster prevention and mitigation of snow avalanche along Sichuan-Tibet Railway and other major projects across Shaluli Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

南岭山地高速公路雾区能见度预报系统

在研究南岭山地浓雾的气候规律，开展了2次多学科综合野外观测，对典型个例进行了天气学分析、雾的宏观结构特征分析、雾的微物理特征分析，在利用数值试验分析了雾生成的物理机制等研究的基础上，研制开发了4种南岭山地京珠高速公路云岩雾区的能见度预报方法，包括：中尺度数值模式产品释用方法、结构预测方法、天气学指标预报方法和动态统计预报方法；并研制了相应的自动化程度高的预测预报系统，与京珠高速公路粤境北段通车同步投入准业务运行，使用雾区路段的5套自动气象站和能见度仪资料，制作的集成预报结果为高速公路行车安全提供服务，经过各种方法的独立预报检验和准业务运行服务的预报结果检验，预报准确率比较高，提供服务的集成预报准确率可达83．3％。     

The importance of being reliable – Local ecological knowledge and management of forage plants in a dryland pastoral system (Morocco)

In dryland rangelands with their high environmental variability, local ecological knowledge of forage plants is essential for management decisions. Ecological apparency hypothesis (EAH) predicts plants' availability and visibility to be important criteria for local valuation. However, EAH has mainly been tested in low-variability systems. We ask whether EAH is valid for forage plants in drylands; which other local criteria exist; and how criteria are connected to management decisions.In a Moroccan pastoral system, we applied a novel ethnobotanical method by calculating the Cognitive Salience Index (CSI) for plants' valuation (CSI_antro) and availability (CSI_eco). To evaluate explicit criteria, we correlated palatability and nutritive value to CSI_anthro. ANCOVAs related CSI_anthro to EAH criteria (CSI_eco and lifetime) and to plant occurrence on pasture types. We found EAH criteria to better predict CSI_antro than explicit criteria. Apparent plants from semi-arid pastures were more valued than those from arid pastures (HSD; p < 0.05). We introduce the criterion of reliability into EAH to explain this, and demonstrate how pastoralists adjust management decisions to resource reliability. Linking resource valuation to management decisions can thus improve our understanding of resilience mechanisms. Our study also confirms the validity of EAH for forage species and dryland environments.     

Systems Theory in Physical Geography

Information used in systems is organized into a hierarchy of five levels, following W. H. Terjung; first, collected data; second, sets of morphological variables; third, flow systems of energy and matter; fourth, process-form systems; fifth, systems regulated by cybernetic feedback. System variables, rigorously defined by dimensional analysis, are grouped into four classes: A. dynamic variables related to energy force, and stress; B. mass-flow variables expressing rates of flow of matter; C. geometry variables describing size and form within systems; D. material-property variables, including environmental constants and regulator variables. The second level of systems analysis interrelates a set of morphological elements in a meaningful way in terms of system origin or function. Correlation and regression methods establish significant relationships among variables, which may be stated as empirical or rational equations based on field or laboratory observations. Open energy flow systems and open or closed material flow systems of the third level can be described by dimensionally correct equations or by schematic flow diagrams. Process-form systems of the fourth level are characterized by self-regulation through physical feedback loops. Cybernetic feedback characterizes the fifth level and links natural systems to those regulated or disturbed by human intervention.     

Phase Changes in Linear Solar-Terrestrial Relationships and a Review of the Electrification Hypothesis

It appears that relatively strong linear relationships between solar activity and various weather phenomena are forthcoming only if the analyses relate to specific solar periods or are con ducted for specific geographic locations. Solar periods in this instance are defined according to the amplitude of the 11-year sunspot cycle. The sign for correlation coefficients between weather ele ments under investigation and solar activity often change according to solar amplitude. However, these phase changes may not weaken arguments in favor of sun-weather hypotheses.

Atmospheric teleconnection provides a logical explanation for phase changes over space within specific time frames, and variations in solar-amplitude relate to reversals in phase with space held constant. Previous research of large pressure systems in the tropics and mid-latitudes as well as re gional variations in annual precipitation outlined in this research indicate that a change in sign for the linear sun-weather relationship occurred between 1930 and 1940. Between 1930 and 1940, the amplitude of the solar cycle also changed. The incredibly complex nature of the climatic change equation along with the lack of an explicit physical link between solar-activity and the lower atmo sphere are serious deterrents for broad acceptance of a solar-weather connection. It is suggested, however, that recent research on a possible electrical stimulus might go far in establishing the solar hypothesis as a credible one.