Intraplate mountain building in response to continent–continent collision—the Ancestral Rocky Mountains (North America) and inferences drawn from the Tien Shan (Central Asia)

The intraplate Ancestral Rocky Mountains of western North America extend from British Columbia, Canada, to Chihuahua, Mexico, and formed during Early Carboniferous through Early Permian time in response to continent–continent collision of Laurentia with Gondwana—the conjoined masses of Africa and South America, including Yucatán and Florida. Uplifts and flanking basins also formed within the Laurentian Midcontinent. On the Gondwanan continent, well inboard from the marginal fold belts, a counterpart structural array developed during the same period. Intraplate deformation began when full collisional plate coupling had been achieved along the continental margin; the intervening ocean had been closed and subduction had ceased—that is, the distinction between upper versus lower plates became moot. Ancestral Rockies deformation was not accompanied by volcanism. Basement shear zones that formed during Mesoproterozoic rifting of Laurentia were reactivated and exerted significant control on the locations, orientations, and modes of displacement on late Paleozoic faults.Ancestral Rocky Mountain uplifts extend as far south as Chihuahua and west Texas (28° to 33°N, 102° to 109°W) and include the Florida-Moyotes, Placer de Guadalupe–Carrizalillo, Ojinaga–Tascotal and Hueco Mountain blocks, as well as the Diablo and Central Basin Platforms. All are cored with Laurentian Proterozoic crystalline basement rocks and host correlative Paleozoic stratigraphic successions. Pre-late Paleozoic deformational, thermal, and metamorphic histories are similar as well. Southern Ancestral Rocky Mountain structures terminate along a line that trends approximately N 40°E (present coordinates), a common orientation for Mesoproterozoic extensional structures throughout southern to central North America.Continuing Tien Shan intraplate deformation (Central Asia) has created an analogous array of uplifts and basins in response to the collision of India with Eurasia, beginning in late Miocene time when full coupling of the colliding plates had occurred. As in the Laurentia–Gondwana case, structures of similar magnitude and spacing to those in Eurasia have developed in the Indian plate. Within the present orogen two ancient suture zones have been reactivated—the early Paleozoic Terskey zone and the late Paleozoic Turkestan suture between the Siberian and East Gondwanan cratons. Inverted Proterozoic to early Paleozoic rift structures and passive-margin deposits are exposed north of the Terskey zone. In the Alay and Tarim complexes, Vendian to mid-Carboniferous passive-margin strata and the subjacent Proterozoic crystalline basement have been uplifted. Data on Tien Shan uplifts, basins, structural arrays, and deformation rates guide paleotectonic interpretations of ancient intraplate mountain belts. Similarly, exhumed deep crustal shear zones in the Ancestral Rockies offer insight into partitioning and reorientation of strain during contemporary intraplate deformation.     

赞皇变质窍隆黑云母^40Ar／^39Ar年代学研究及其对构造热事件的约束

太行山南段赞皇变质杂岩中黑云母给出了1827～1793Ma的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄,代表了变质基底在经历高温热扰动后冷却到300℃时的热事件年龄。结合华北克拉通变质岩的其他年代学资料,认为1800Ma士华北克拉通内经历了一次广泛而强烈的构造热伸展事件,致使克拉通基底岩石快速抬升到中上地壳,其冷却速率>6℃/Ma,隆升速率>200m/Ma。赞皇变质杂岩内苍岩寺、岗西-榆底-黑水河东和坡底-郝庄韧性剪切带内糜棱岩中黑云母分别给出了1689Ma、1633Ma和1645Ma的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar坪年龄,代表了剪切带变形的主变形时代,这一年龄也为约束长城系的底界年龄提供了新的信息。结合已有的热年代学资料,推断华北克拉通内部赞皇变质地区中元古代的冷却速率约0.4℃/Ma,隆升速率为15m/Ma。由此也表明,自中元古代以来华北克拉通内部未受到后期构造热事件的强烈扰动,赞皇变质杂岩并非中生代变质核杂岩,而是早元古代变质穹隆。     

祁连山西段第四纪环境变迁研究

祁连山西段地处青藏高原西北缘，自更新世以来的环境变迁是青藏高原隆升过程的环境响应。笔者根据对CaCO3、古地磁、孢粉等资料的分析，初步划分了12个寒冷期和12个温暖期，并根据气候变迁的研究，认为青藏高原隆升至少有三次加速时期。     

From Flysch to Molasse——Sedimentary and Tectonic Evolution of Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian Foreland Basin in North Qilian Mountains

The Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian North Qilian orogenic belt in northwestern China is an elongate tectonic unit situated between the North China plate in the north and the Qaidam plate in the south. North Qiilan started in the latest Proterozoic to Cambrian as a rift basin an the southern mar-gin of North China, and evolved later to an archipelagic ocean and active continental margin during the Ordovician and a fardand basin from Silurian to the Early and Middle Devonian. The Early Silurian fly-sch and sulmmrine alluvial fan, the Middle to Late Silurian shallow marine to tidal flat deposits and the Early and Middle Devonian terrestrial.molasse are developed along the corridor Nansimn. The shallo-wing-upward succession from subabyssal flysch, shallow marine, tidal flat to terrestrial molasse and its gradually narrowed regional distribution demonstrate that the foreland basin experienced the transition from flysch stake to molasse stake during the Silurian and Devonian time.     

大别山碧溪岭榴辉岩的K-Ca同位素定年:多硅白云母含过剩氩的新证据

40K可以进行分支衰变成40 Ar和40 Ca。在正常情况下 ,这对40 K 40 Ar或3 9Ar 40 Ar年龄与40 K 40 Ca年龄在误差范围内应该一致。测定了国家钾标样的含量、国家钾长石 (W 0 3116 )和球团矿 (W 72 0 0 )的钾钙含量、国内K Ar法标准矿物黑云母 (ZBH 2 5 )和角闪石 (ZBJ)的钾钙含量以及Tachiti标样的 (40 Ca/42 Ca)比值和含量 ,结果实测值与标称值在误差范围内一致。对大别山碧溪岭超高压变质榴辉岩的多硅白云母、绿辉石和石榴子石进行了 (40 Ca/42 Ca)和 (40 K/42 Ca)的测定。由15组数据构成的等时线斜率S =0 .12 0 8± 0 .0 4 2 3,相应的K Ca年龄为 2 2 8± 75Ma。然而多硅白云母和绿辉石的3 9Ar 40 Ar等时线年龄分别为 80 7.1± 32 .6Ma和 4 5 6 .7± 2 7.2Ma ,在误差范围内明显地高于40 K 40 Ca等时线年龄 ,这给出了前者存在过剩氩的直接证椐。此外 ,K Ca等时线的初始值 (40 Ca/42 Ca) i 为 15 1.4 2 4± 0 .0 13,相应的 ξCa为 +2 7。由于地幔岩的 ξCa≈ 0 ,所以前者表明榴辉岩的原岩具有典型的大陆地壳性质 ,这为大别山超高压变质岩体是由大陆物质俯冲至上地幔的深度 ,然后折返至大陆的形成过程提出了又一个判据     

Fluid Activity and Tectonic Evolution in the Northern Qilian High-pressure Metamorphic Belt

The Northern Qilian high-pressure metamorphic belt has experienced multiple deformation-metamorphism, which consists of at least four stages.In 550.8-526 Ma, eclogites were formed. High temperature and pressure caused the escape of a large quantity of gas-liquid fluids from rocks while silicate melt was generated. In the late stage, small amounts of CO2 and H2O infiltrating along fractures were introduced.In the formation of glaucophane schist (447-362 Ma), devolatilization reactions were dominated during the subduction-uplift stage of the paleoplate.In the uplift-exhumation stage (400-380 Ma) the increase of internal space of fractures in the rocks favoured fluid infiltration and concentration. These fluids participated in hydration reactions in the retro-metamorphism. The fluids participating in the mineral reactions have the compositions of CaCl2-NaCl-H2O.In subsequent thrusting (<380 Ma), the metamorphic terrain was uplifted to the shallower crust and ductile-shearing deformation took place, which c     

Early Yanshanian post-orogenic granitoids in the Nanling region-- Petrological constraints and geodynamic settings

Early Yanshanian magmatic suites predominate absolutely in the Nanling granite belt.They consist mainly of monzogranite and K-feldspar granite.There occur associations of early Yanshanian A-type granitoids(176 Ma-178 Ma) and bimodal volcanic rocks(158 Ma-179 Ma) in southern Jiangxi and southwestern Fujian in the eastern sector of the granite belt and early Yanshanian basalts(177 Ma-178 Ma) in southern Hunan in the central sector of the belt.Both the acid end-member rhyolite in the bimodal volcanic rock association and A-type granitoids in southern Jiangxi have the geochemical characteristics of intraplate granitic rocks and the basic end-member basalt of the association is intraplate tholeiite,while the basaltic rocks in southern Hunan include not only intraplate tholeiite but also intraplate alkali basalt.Therefore the early Yanshanian magmatic suites in the Nanling region are undoubtedly typical post-orogenic rock associations.Post-orogenic suites mark the end of a post-collision or late orogenic event and the initiation of Pangaea break-up,indicating that a new orogenic Wilson cycle is about to start.Therefore it may be considered that the early Yanshanian geodynamic settings in the Nanling region should be related to post-orogenic continental break-up after the Indosinian orogeny and the break-up did not begin in the Cretaceous.     

Plastic mechanism of deformation of garnet-- Water weakening

The strongly deformed eclogites are well developed in ultra-high pressure jadeite-quartzite zone of the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China, and garnets had been deformed strongly. Observations by transmission electron microscopy identified not only structure of plastic deformation occurring as free dislocation, dislocation loops and dislocation walls, but also clusters of water molecules present in the deformed garnet. Using infrared spectroscopy, two types of hydrous components are identified as the hydroxyl and free-water in the garnet. Based on analysis of microstructure mechanism of deformation in garnets, and experimental data of petrology, the clusters of water molecules were considered to lead strong plastic deformation of garnet by dislocations because of mechanical weakening.     

Bankfull discharge in mountain streams: theory and practice

The results are presented of an investigation of bankfull discharge in two Polish Carpathian streams: Skawica and Krzyworzeka. Existing definitions of river bankfull were reviewed and applied in tests carried out on selected cross‐sections of the streams. The Woodyer method was given special attention, with a correspondingly detailed survey of plants characterizing river benches. Riley's bench index method and the methods of Williams, Wolman, Schumm and Brown, and Woloszyn were tested. The report concludes that bankfull discharge value for a mountain stream should not be reported as a single number, but rather as a range of discharges within which one could expect the bankfull value to lie. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大别山北部漫水河灰色片麻岩的锆石UPb年龄及其地质意义

北大别杂岩主要由灰色片麻岩和斜长解闪岩组成。通过对大别山北部霍山漫水河花岗闪长片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年龄测定，得到中元古代、早三叠世和晚侏罗世3组年龄数据。中元古代的年龄老于灰色片麻岩集中在新元古代的锆石U-Pb上交点年龄，指示漫水河北部片麻岩中有古老锆石捕掳晶；早三叠世年龄指示该片麻岩中有印支期变质作用形成的锆石；晚侏罗世年龄表明灰色片麻岩中有燕山早期形成的岩浆锆石。根据北大别杂岩的构造背景、变质作用及地球化学特征，认为北大别杂岩中的部分灰色片麻岩形成于燕山早期的花岗闪长岩，它们可能源自或混染了经过早三叠世变质作用的扬子陆块俯冲基底。本文的结果表明，北大别杂岩既不是形成于白垩纪的岩浆杂岩，也不完全是形成于新元古代的TTG岩系，其中的部分灰色片麻岩为形成于燕山早期的花岗闪长岩，即在白垩纪大规模岩浆作用前的燕山早期，北大别曾有过一次岩浆作用。