东天山北部古生代重大构造事件及其对中亚造山带演化的启示：基于1∶5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅地质调查新证据

本文基于新疆哈密地区1∶5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅区域地质调查新成果,对东天山北部古生代的重大构造事件以及演化历史进行了系统的梳理。基于下志留统与奥陶系之间角度不整合、下石炭统与泥盆系之间平行不整合以及上石炭统二道沟组与下伏岩系之间的角度不整合的确定,揭示奥陶纪与志留纪之交、泥盆纪与石炭纪之交以及晚石炭世期间存在几次重大构造事件。结合古生代不同时期沉积大地构造背景转换、岩浆活动构造环境转换以及构造变形格式转换的地质新纪录,提出奥陶纪与志留纪之交的造山事件为北部阿尔曼太洋闭合导致准噶尔—吐哈地块与阿尔泰地块碰撞的响应;泥盆纪与早石炭世之间的造陆构造事件可能是北部卡拉麦里洋盆初始汇拢碰撞的响应,其平行不整合以及下伏的志留纪—泥盆纪较稳定环境的沉积序列预示着介于卡拉麦里洋盆与南部北天山洋盆之间的准噶尔—吐哈地块为古亚洲洋盆体系中相对刚性的稳定陆块区,研究区作为准噶尔—吐哈地块的北部被动陆缘受卡拉麦里洋盆汇聚的影响较小;晚石炭世的造山事件则表现为响应卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘前陆盆地的演化,是早石炭世沿卡拉麦里缝合带发生陆块碰撞以来挤压构造作用峰期的产物,其奠定了东天山北部北西-南东向构造基本格局。本文还重新界定莫钦乌拉断裂为北天山构造带(准噶尔—吐哈地块)与东准噶尔构造带的构造-地层分区界线,推断其为卡拉麦里缝合带向南东的延伸,并讨论了早石炭世受控不同构造体制的沉积和岩浆纪录的空间差异性,认为早石炭世北部莫钦乌拉山区域为与北侧卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘挤压前陆盆地的发育过程,而南部博格达—哈尔里克山则总体呈现为响应南侧北天山洋盆闭合后的碰撞后伸展裂谷发育过程。     

南岭钨矿床研究进展

南岭钨矿床研究一直是重要的前沿课题,近十余年来测试方法和技术的革新为南岭钨矿床研究注入了新活力,也取得了众多新进展.本文在系统查阅前人研究基础上对其进行总结,概括如下:①该区的岩浆-钨成矿活动不仅有燕山期,也有加里东期和印支期,但以燕山期最为强烈;②花岗岩浆是南岭钨矿床主要的直接物质来源,即使有少部分成矿物质是热液直接对含矿地层淋滤、萃取而来,但却被认为是次要的;③与花岗岩有关钨矿床的成矿流体主要来自花岗岩浆,在成矿作用晚期有不同程度的大气降水混入;④与钨有关的花岗岩主要由下地壳的早—中元古代岩石重熔形成,但地幔岩浆一定程度上参与了花岗岩的形成作用;⑤碱质交代在花岗岩浆演化形成钨矿床的过程中发挥了关键性作用;⑥不同学者对燕山期钨成矿作用动力学背景尚有不同看法,但该时期确定为板内伸展和裂谷环境已达成共识.     

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的古地理意义

北祁连山东部早石炭世早期经历了一次完整的海水进退旋回。此期该区腕足动物的演化明显受控于相对海平面变化。生存环境的稳定性似乎是群落演替过程能否持久进行的基础。在影响生物群落演替的诸多因素中,底质性质及其稳定性最为重要,其次是食物供应、海水盐度和水动力强度等。各群落在时间上相互取代的主要控制因素是海水深度,与海平面的变化直接相关。而造成这一时期腕足动物群落横向变化的主要因素除了海水深度外,陆源碎屑供应量、海水循环性以及含盐度都具有十分重要的影响。本区早石炭世早期腕足动物群落的生态位介于BA1和BA2之间,缺乏BA3－BA5较深水群落（BA－Benthic Assemblage,底栖组合）,说明此期该区早石炭世早期海水深度一般不超过10米。受沉积古地理环境的制约,本区早石炭世早期BA2生态域的主要分布范围局限于东部的景泰一带,向西水体明显变浅。     

Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Lochkovian to Eifelian limestones from the Devonian of central and southern Europe

Lower to Middle Devonian carbonates of the Prague Syncline, the Carnic Alps, the Montagne Noire, and the Cantabrian Mountains were investigated for δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org. These values were measured on bulk rocks, selected components and cements. Many carbonates exhibit primary marine values, but some are altered by diagenesis. A δ¹³C curve can be presented for the latest Pridolian to Emsian time interval. Several sharp or broad positive excursions are obvious in the woschmidti-postwoschmidti, sulcatus, kitabicus, Late serotinus, and kockelianus conodont zones. The excursion at the Silurian–Devonian boundary is known worldwide and therefore considered global in nature. Some of the others are described for the first time from central and southern Europe, and their global nature has to be verified by further investigations in other regions. Most excursions relate to and/or started during major regressions whereas sea-level highstands correspond to minimal δ¹³C values. Similar relationships between sea-level changes and δ¹³C have been observed from other early Palaeozoic intervals. The transgressive Chote? (?) and Ka?ák events are marked by positive isotope excursions, this type of combination is usually observed in late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic black shale events.     

西昆仑山前冲断带晚新生代构造地貌特征

在卫片解译、DEM数据处理、地形图分析与剖面制作的基础上,结合野外构造地貌考察与观测,对西昆仑山前冲断带的构造地貌特征进行了定量、半定量的研究。沿山前发育系统的水系变化、冲积扇变化、不对称背斜、大规模正断裂、不对称河流阶地等典型的构造地貌,表明这条由南向北逆冲的冲断带在扩展过程中存在着由西向东迁移的特征。冲断带的东西分段以桑株河为界,以西发育固满背斜,其构造样式为向北的逆冲伴随向南的反冲;以东发育一系列不对称的背斜,表现出明显的由南向北逆冲的特征,地表无明显的反冲构造出现。利用生长地层和河流阶地估算了西昆仑山的隆升速率:晚上新世—早更新世以来的最低隆升速率为0.21～0.25mm/a,100ka以来的隆升速率为1.5mm/a。     

准噶尔盆地南缘新生代沉积物碎屑锆石记录的天山隆升剥蚀过程

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘有精确古地磁年代控制的金沟河剖面新生代沉积物中7个砂岩样品碎屑锆石的U Pb LA ICP MS测年分析,确定安集海河组（28~23.3 Ma）和沙湾组（23.3~17.5 Ma）的砂岩样品碎屑锆石年龄主要集中在261~328 Ma（P-C）,塔西河组（17.5~13.2 Ma）样品的年龄主要集中在234~311 Ma（T-C）和369~403 Ma（D-S）,独山子组（13.2~6.0 Ma）和西域组（6.0~1 Ma）样品的年龄主要集中在264~333 Ma。经与流域内岩石地层的分布相对比,揭示至少在晚渐新世开始中天山已经隆升并剥蚀为盆地提供物源,从约中新世早期开始北天山的南缘开始隆升,加入物源供给区,从约中新世中晚期开始北天山开始明显隆升,并逐步阻碍了中天山的物源供给,成为物源的主要供给区。天山的这种逐步向北的隆升剥蚀过程,反映了印度欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应。     

The first tephra evidence for a Late Glacial explosive volcanic eruption in the Arxan-Chaihe volcanic field (ACVF), northeast China

A 5 mm thick tephra layer has been identified in the lacustrine sediments of Moon Lake in the Arxan-Chaihe volcanic field (ACVF) in Greater Khingan Mountains (NE China). The visible tephra layer is clearly revealed as a distinct peak in magnetic susceptibility measurements. The tephra layer consists mainly of brown vesicular glass shards and minor amounts of plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene. Major and minor element analysis has been carried out on the glass shards and plagioclase minerals. Glass shards show low concentrations of K₂O, similar to the eruptive products derived from post-Miocene volcanoes of the ACVF. The plagioclase phenocrysts in both lava and tephra from ACVF, and in the tephra recorded in Moon Lake are labradorites. During the Late Pleistocene to Holocene, there were also extensive explosive eruptions in the nearby Nuominhe volcanic field (NVF). Volcanic rocks from the ACVF are easily distinguished from those derived from the NVF, having distinctly different K₂O concentrations. This compositional variation is likely the result of different magmatic processes operating in the ACVF and NVF. Radiocarbon dating on organic materials from the lacustrine sediments dates the tephra layer to ca. 14,200 cal yrs BP, which implies that it was generated by a previously unknown Late Pleistocene explosive eruption in the ACVF. These results, for the first time, give a direct tephra record in this area, and suggest that identification of further tephra and/or cryptotephra in local sedimentary basins such as crater lakes of scoria cones and maars will be significant for dating the Late Pleistocene to Holocene volcanic eruptions and will help to establish a detailed record of the volcanic activity in the ACVF. The newly discovered tephra layer also provides a dated tephrochronological marker layer, which will in future studies provide a means to synchronise local sedimentary records of the climatically variable Late Glacial.     

Variations of the alpine precipitation from an ice core record of the Laohugou glacier basin during 1960-2006 in western Qilian Mountains,China

The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO.     

大别山北部中酸性片麻岩的岩石地球化学特征及其古大地构造意义

大别山北部变质镁铁－ 超镁铁质岩带中的中酸性片麻岩主要可分为三类：①英云闪长质片麻岩、②花岗闪长质片麻岩和③二长花岗质片麻岩,其原岩属于一套钙碱性的中酸性花岗岩系列。岩石地球化学特征表明,它们分别形成于板块碰撞前消减地区（ 消减的活动板块边缘） 、板块碰撞后隆起花岗石区和同碰撞花岗岩区。其中,形成于８００ ～１０００ Ｍａ 左右的英云闪长质片麻岩经受过麻粒岩相变质作用并与该带中属于蛇绿岩成员的变基性熔岩有亲缘关系, 可能属于蛇绿岩中的浅色组分。     

阿尔泰南缘麦兹盆地萨吾斯铅锌矿床控矿铁闪石矽卡岩的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究

萨吾斯矿床位于麦兹盆地东部,是一个新近发现和勘探的铅锌矿床。萨吾斯铅锌矿床赋存于下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组凝灰岩、流纹岩及其沉积碳酸盐夹层,矿（化）体直接受石榴黑云矽卡岩和铁闪石矽卡岩控制,表现出火山喷流-沉积成矿和矽卡岩矿床的双重特征。这两类矿床的重要区别之一是同生和后生成矿。对主要矽卡岩矿物铁闪石进行精确的Ar-Ar年龄测定,将其与康布铁堡组流纹岩的年龄对比,有助于确定萨吾斯铅锌矿床的成因。高精度、高灵敏度激光⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar测年方法,为解决闪石类低K矿物的定年提供了新的手段。岩芯样品SW85中,铁闪石晶粒较大、晶形发育,与闪锌矿、碳酸盐矿物和石榴子石都具有平直的边界,而不是复杂交生,不含矿物和流体包裹体,代表了相对简单均一的系统。对SW85的铁闪石做了激光⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar测年,其结果为412±15Ma,与康布铁堡组流纹岩的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄（401±2.7Ma）和别斯萨拉玢岩的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄（401±3.1Ma）在误差范围内一致,表明矽卡岩和铅锌矿的形成与康布铁堡组流纹质火山岩的喷发及其碎屑岩的沉积是同时的,成因上密切相关。其次,矽卡岩呈层状产出,局限于康布铁堡组凝灰岩及其铁锰钙质碳酸盐夹层的范围内;石榴子石为铁铝榴石、锰铝榴石,闪石为铁闪石,缺失透辉石、钙铁辉石。上述特征与接触交代矽卡岩不同,后者以钙铝榴石、钙铁榴石、透辉石/钙铁辉石为特征,闪石为角闪石。接触交代矽卡岩矿床是后成矿床,它晚于岩浆侵入体的围岩。综上所述,萨吾斯铅锌矿是一个与康布铁堡组火山喷发和浅成侵入有关的喷流-沉积矿床。麦兹盆地的控盆断裂巴寨断裂从北西端向南东发展而成。阿巴宫-库尔提断裂和琼库尔断裂是克兰盆地的控盆断裂,它们在北西撒开、向南东收敛,具有羽状张剪性断裂的特征。因此,阿尔泰南缘在早泥盆世具有活动陆缘的局部拉张性质。西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的推错,在阿尔泰南缘产生局部张剪性应力场,从而形成了上述断裂以及早泥盆世火山-沉积盆地。