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121.
122.
A probabilistic procedure was applied to assess seismic hazard for the sites of five Greek cities (Athens, Heraklion, Patras, Thessaloniki and Volos) using peak ground acceleration as the hazard parameter. The methodology allows the use of either historical or instrumental data, or a combination of both. It has been developed specifically for the estimation of seismic hazard at a given site and does not require any specification of seismic sources or/and seismic zones. A new relation for the attenuation of peak ground acceleration was employed for the shallow seismicity in Greece. The computations involved the area- and site-specific parts. When assessing magnitude recurrence for the areas surrounding the five cities, the maximum magnitude, mmax, was estimated using a recently derived equation. The site-specific results were expressed as probabilities that a given peak ground acceleration value will be exceeded at least once during a time interval of 1, 50 and 100 years at the sites of the cities. They were based on the maximum peak ground acceleration values computed by assuming the occurrence of the strongest possible earthquake (of magnitude mmax) at a very short distance from the site and using the mean value obtained with the help of the attenuation law. This gave 0.24 g for Athens, 0.53 g for Heraklion (shallow) and 0.39 g Heraklion (intermediate-depth seismicity), 0.30 g for Patras, 0.35 g for Thessaloniki and 0.30 g for Volos. In addition, the probabilities of exceedance of the estimated maximum peak ground acceleration values were calculated for the sites. The standard deviation of the new Greek attenuation law demonstrates the uncertainty and large variation of predicted peak ground acceleration values. 相似文献
123.
Current codes of practice in assessing the blast ground motion effect on structures are mainly based on the ground peak particle velocity (PPV) or PPV and the principal frequency (PF) of the ground motion. PPV and PF of ground motion from underground explosions are usually estimated by empirical formulae derived from field blast tests. Not many empirical formulae for PF, but many empirical formulae for PPV are available in the literature. They were obtained from recorded data either on ground surface or in the free field (inside the geological medium). Owing to the effect of surface reflection, blast motions on ground surface and in the free field are very different. But not many publications in the open literature discuss the differences of blast motions on ground surface and in the free field. Moreover, very few publications discuss the blast ground motion spatial variation characteristics. As ground motion directly affects structural responses, it is very important to study its characteristics in order to more reliably assess its effects on structures. In this paper, a validated numerical model is used to simulate stress wave at a granite site owing to explosion in an underground chamber. Using the simulated stress wave, the relations such as PPV and PF attenuation as well as spatial variation of motions on ground surface and in the free field are derived. Discussions on the differences of the characteristics of surface and free field motions are made. Results presented in this paper can be used in a more detailed assessment of ground motion effect on structures. 相似文献
124.
An Independent Method to Determine the Height of the Mixed Layer 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
A method for the independent evaluation ofmixed-layer (ML) height, zi, has beenproposed. The ML height is determined bythe functional relationshipszi = 0.75 z/nv max or 0.53 z/nu max in which, z is a measuring height; nv max and nu max are normalized peak frequencies of lateral velocity component, v, and longitudinal velocity component, u, spectra at height z in the surface layer respectively. Using Doppler sodar data, the technique was shown to be feasible; it is easy to apply to micro-meteorological field experiments and works even for the ML top above the range of the sodar. 相似文献
125.
由速度谱测定微震的地震矩 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文根据K.Aki(1980)提出的ω平方、常应力参数谱衰减模式.研究了地面运动速度谱衰减的带宽效应,导出了用速度谱直接估算地震矩M0的新方法。利用中日合作在滇西地震预报实验场区的洱源、脉地、松桂三个地区新获得的三次微震群序列数字化记录资料,通过不同参数Q值和△σ值的计算比较,选取Q=300,△σ=1.0MPa作为测定的参数值,计算了P波和S波速度谱的理论量板,并且与实际观测点的低频速度谱值相比较,用这样的方法测定了三次震群序列的地震矩M0和震源参数。结果给出,在震级为1.0~2.5级的范围内,地震矩M0=10(10)~10(13)(N·m),震源破裂半径a=70~200(m),P波和S波的拐角频率比f(op)/f(os)=1.58。用P波或S波三分量的速度谱值测定的地震矩比较一致,以及在相同震级范围内,用速度谱方法测定的结果与其它方法测定的结果也基本一致。本文提出的速度谱测地震矩的方法是一种简便实用的方法,当地震矩和观测低频谱值(如f=1.0HZ)已知时,可通过查函数表值快速测定M0值。 相似文献
126.
Simon M. Hutchinson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1995,20(4):293-314
In response to the potential shortcomings of single-technique strategies in the investigation of erosion and sedimentation, a combined magnetic and radiometric (13Cs and 210Pb) approach has been undertaken in the upland, watershed-lake system of Howden Reservoir, Derbyshire. By combining these techniques, some assessment of sediment sources and the erosion status of the catchment has been achieved. Alone, each approach would have been unable to determine unequivocally sediment provenance. Furthermore, the parallel use of these measurements has highlighted limitations and/or uncertainties in both the magnetic and 137Cs techniques. These problems reflect the particular soil characteristics and drainage conditions of this upland catchment. Despite the documented severity of peat erosion in the region, Howden Reservoir has a mixture of sediment sources and a relatively moderate rate of sedimentation. Sediment yields (total 127·7 t km?2 yr?1 including organic fraction 31·3 t km?2 yr?1) are, however, higher than in other British upland areas. 相似文献
127.
1991年夏,我们利用自制的单站闪电探测及定位系统(M—LDARS),在北京地区进行了对比实验,并对所记录的地闪回击信号作了分析。本文提出了我们得到的北京地区云地闪回击信号的峰值时间、半峰时间、峰值电流以及电流上升率的统计分布和频谱特征的典型结果,并与国内外同类观测的结果进行了对比。 相似文献
128.
Events from the December 1982 Huairou County, Beijing, and the July 1982 Jianchuan, Yunnan earthquake series were recorded
at one station in Beijing City and at four stations in Eryuan area, Yunnan, respectively. Dividing the spectra (for P and
S waves) from the smaller events in the series by spectra (for corresponding P and S waves) from the larger events in cach
region, we have determined the high frequency source spectral decay rate to be ω−1in both cases. Through trial and error method, we are able to determine the appropriate constantQ
P andQ
S that corrects the individual spectra to the proper high frequency decay rate. It is found that aQ
P of 800 and aQ
S of 550 can adequately compensate for the attenuation of the waves in Beijing area. For Jianchuan, Yunnan area the corresponding
values are 900 and 400.
This subject is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation. 相似文献
129.
通过对南大别桐城-源潭铺一带榴辉岩的岩石学,矿物化学和 P-T 条件的研究表明,该地区的榴辉岩为典型的高压榴辉岩,其不含任何超高压矿物,石榴石具有良好的自形结构,包含大量的早期矿物包体,成分变化显示了进变质特征。精确的峰期 P-T 计算显示,榴辉岩的形成温压条件分别为:1.62~2.35GPa,421℃~604℃。研究结果表明,桐城-源潭铺一带大约250km~2的区域属于高压变质块体,周遍为断层所限,以构造岩片形式存在,该高压块体与大别山南部的超高压变质单元相比至少有0.3GPa 的压力差。结合野外观察,推测由于北大别变质穹隆造成了该高压榴辉岩体现今的分布状态。这一新的高压块体的确定对于重新认识大别碰撞造山带的构造格架,以及理解其俯冲和折返的精细过程具有重要的指示意义。 相似文献
130.
大别山西段含蓝闪石-蓝晶石榴辉岩的相平衡研究 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
目前对于大别山西段超高压榴辉岩仍存在一些不清楚的问题和模糊的认识,如蓝闪石和蓝晶石组合的稳定范围,峰期温压条件和矿物组合,以及早期退变质过程的矿物演化和流体作用。本文对取自大别山西段新县高压-超高压榴辉岩单元内不同地点的超高压榴辉岩样品进行了详细的岩石学和矿物学研究,在此基础上使用相平衡定量分析方法的 PT 视剖面图对它们进行了正演模拟计算,结果表明:含蓝闪石和蓝晶石榴辉岩处于相对低温或低压的蓝闪石榴辉岩和相对高温高压的蓝晶石榴辉岩的过渡区,其稳定的温压范围大致为温度590~700℃,压力1.7~3.3GPa,而且压力大于2.5GPa 时温度范围很窄,为600~640℃。由石榴石边缘成分和 PT 视剖面图确定的榴辉岩峰期温压条件为压力2.85~2.95GPa 和温度625~630℃,峰期矿物组合为石榴石 绿辉石 蓝闪石 蓝晶石 硬柱石 柯石英±多硅白云母。峰期之后,榴辉岩经历了快速近等温降压(ITD)的早期高压退变质作用,这是一个非平衡过程,所发生的主要变化如下:柯石英→石英,硬柱石→黝帘石 蓝晶石,在相对富镁岩石中出现滑石,当水含量较高时可以出现钠云母,蓝闪石在原来基础上有一定量的生长,并且绿辉石和多硅白云母很可能只部分地发生了成分变化,而石榴石几乎未发生改变。这样形成了目前观察到的矿物组成为石榴石 绿辉石 蓝闪石 蓝晶石 黝帘石/绿帘石 石英±多硅白云母±钠云母±滑石,它代表了 UHP 榴辉岩在早期高压退变质阶段结束时所具有的矿物组成,这一阶段结束时的温压条件大致为2.0~2.2GPa 和600~630℃;早期高压退变质阶段是脱水过程,流体是内部缓冲的。 相似文献