川滇地区地震活动与地球自转速率变化之间的关系

利用川滇地区1962—2016年间发生的MS≥6.0地震资料,在去除余震的情况下,分析了其发生与地球自转速率变化极值点之间的关系。得到以下结果:川滇地区MS≥6.0地震的发生与地球自转速率变化极值点具有显著关系,对于不同震级范围的地震,其与不同周期的地球自转速率变化有关。对于MS≥7.0的地震,有90%发生在地球自转速率季节性变化极值点前14天至后37天时间段内;对于6.0≤MS≤6.4的地震,有80%发生在地球自转速率短周期变化极值点前68小时至后30小时的时间段内;对于6.5≤MS≤6.9的地震,有87.5%发生在地球自转速率短周期变化极值点前36小时至后64小时的时间段内。地震发生在特定时间段的显著性检验结果表明,川滇地区MS≥6.0地震与地球自转速率变化极值点的关系都可以在α=0.05的显著性水平下通过显著性检验。这个结果表明,在地球自转速率发生转折的期间容易触发地震,对川滇地区地震发生时间预测具有参考意义。     

云南地震前兆数据库性能分析及优化处理方案

针对云南地震前兆台网处理系统读取前兆数据速度较慢的问题,通过对数据库平台、软件算法及数据存储三方面进行性能测试,认为主要原因是云南前兆数据库存在不合理配置,以及前兆数据存储格式影响了数据库性能。为此提供了一个前兆数据库优化处理方案,通过测试表明,该方案能够极大提升云南前兆数据库的数据读取效率。     

云南省一次局地短时强降水中尺度特征与诊断分析

利用常规观测、卫星云图、CINRAD-CC多普勒天气雷达观测、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年云南中东部“5.23”短时强降水过程进行中尺度特征和成因研究,结果表明,该次过程前期全省晴热高温,早晨近地层“干暖盖”有利于不稳定能量积累,夜间700hPa切变线和低涡南下致使不稳定能量释放,产生强对流天气,强降水期间具有中等强度垂直风切变环境。强降水发生在对流层低层能量舌尖附近。强降水的水汽源地是700hPa西南气流从孟加拉湾输送的丰富水汽与850hPa层上偏东风输送的次强水汽中心。     

滇西北亚高山草甸退化梯度上马蹄黄地上形态特征变化

马蹄黄(Spenceria ramalana)是滇西北亚高山草甸的旅游景观资源,其地上形态特征随草甸退化梯度的变化趋势尚少见报道。于2018年7月在香格里拉市调查、对比了3个退化梯度(一级退化,DI;二级退化,DII;无退化对照,CK)上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶面积、叶片长宽比和生存状态。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,DI和DII梯度上马蹄黄的植株高度、展度、叶片数量、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积均显著减小(P<0.05);(2)DII梯度上马蹄黄的叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶面积显著高于DI梯度(P<0.05);(3)CK、DI和DII中马蹄黄的叶片长宽比分别为3.5±0.3、2.9±0.4和2.3±0.1,叶片形状由倒披针形向倒卵形过渡;(4)DI、DII和CK中马蹄黄的生存状态指数分别是0.12、0.23和0.63。     

China and the changing economic geography of coffee value chains

For the past three centuries, the economic geography of the global coffee sector has been characterized by the supply of beans from tropical countries for consumption in North America and Europe, with various modes of value chain coordination enacted by lead firms to ensure reliable and affordable supply. This pattern is now fundamentally changing, with growth in coffee consumption in emerging markets, including China, exceeding that in established markets. But China is not only a growing consumer market, it is less well known that rapidly increasing agricultural production in Yunnan province of southwest China has also inserted the country as an important source region for coffee, and this has been pivotal in facilitating the emergence of Chinese lead firms in the sector. This article presents the emergence of China, and Chinese firms, at a critical juncture for the structure and governance of the global value chain for coffee. The processes through which this is occurring are outlined, and the implications for regional development prospects across Southeast Asia are discussed. We argue that the changing economic geography of coffee value chains, and their increasing driven‐ness by Chinese actors, is starting to reshape the regional coffee industry in profoundly new ways.     

Tectonic and oceanographic process interactions archived in Late Cretaceous to Present deep‐marine stratigraphy on the Exmouth Plateau,offshore NW Australia

Deep‐marine deposits provide a valuable archive of process interactions between sediment gravity flows, pelagic sedimentation and thermohaline bottom‐currents. Stratigraphic successions can also record plate‐scale tectonic processes (e.g. continental breakup and shortening) that impact long‐term ocean circulation patterns, including changes in climate and biodiversity. One such setting is the Exmouth Plateau, offshore NW Australia, which has been a relatively stable, fine‐grained carbonate‐dominated continental margin from the Late Cretaceous to Present. We combine extensive 2D (~40,000 km) and 3D (3,627 km²) seismic reflection data with lithologic and biostratigraphic information from wells to reconstruct the tectonic and oceanographic evolution of this margin. We identified three large‐scale seismic units (SUs): (a) SU‐1 (Late Cretaceous)—500 m‐thick, and characterised by NE‐SW‐trending, slope‐normal elongate depocentres (c. 200 km long and 70 km wide), with erosional surfaces at their bases and tops, which are interpreted as the result of contour‐parallel bottom‐currents, coeval with the onset of opening of the Southern Ocean; (b) SU‐2 (Palaeocene—Late Miocene)—800 m‐thick and characterised by: (a) very large (amplitude, c. 40 m and wavelength, c. 3 km), SW‐migrating, NW‐SE‐trending sediment waves, (b) large (4 km‐wide, 100 m‐deep), NE‐trending scours that flank the sediment waves and (c) NW‐trending, 4 km‐wide and 80 m‐deep turbidite channel, infilled by NE‐dipping reflectors, which together may reflect an intensification of NE‐flowing bottom currents during a relative sea‐level fall following the establishment of circumpolar‐ocean current around Antarctica; and (c) SU‐3 (Late Miocene—Present)—1,000 m‐thick and is dominated by large (up to 100 km³) mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) derived from the continental margin (to the east) and the Exmouth Plateau Arch (to the west), and accumulated mainly in the adjacent Kangaroo Syncline. This change in depositional style may be linked to tectonically‐induced seabed tilting and folding caused by collision and subduction along the northern margin of the Australian plate. Hence, the stratigraphic record of the Exmouth Plateau provides a rich archive of plate‐scale regional geological events occurring along the distant southern (2,000 km away) and northern (1,500 km away) margins of the Australian plate.     

云南者桑金矿床富金矿石类型与地球化学特征研究

云南富宁者桑金矿床位于我国滇黔桂"金三角"区域,是该区的大型卡林型金矿床之一。为了更为详细地了解卡林型金矿在富金矿石中的赋存状态以及地球化学特征,该文以者桑金矿床中几种不同类型赋金矿石:辉绿岩型矿石、泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石、泥灰岩型矿石的载金黄铁矿及毒砂为研究对象,进行矿物特征观察和地球化学特征分析。结果表明:辉绿岩型矿石中,破碎状毒砂、细粒自形毒砂、拉长菱形毒砂的尖端含金性较优;泥质板岩或粉砂岩型矿石中,脉状黄铁矿集合体、粗粒自形五角十二面体含金性较优;泥灰岩型矿石普遍含金,其中细粒菱形毒砂的含金性尤为显著。不同矿石类型中载金矿物的含金性与硅化、炭化、绢云母化等密切相关;黄铁矿w(Fe)、w(S)关系,黄铁矿、毒砂晶形特征以及微量元素Co/Ni关系,揭示者桑金矿床属中—低温热液成因;Au-As关系表明者桑金矿床金主要是以"不可见"形式的晶格金和纳米金赋存于赋金矿石中。     

云南牟定地区巨粒晶质铀矿成因新认识:一种与钠长岩有关的新型铀矿化

云南牟定地区产出世界罕见的巨粒晶质铀矿,且具有极其特殊的"晶质铀矿—金红石(大量)—锆石(少量)"矿物组合形式,对于这种特殊铀矿化的成因及巨粒晶质铀矿的形成机理等问题谜一样困扰学界多年。近年来,经岩石学、矿物学、岩石地球化学,同位素地质学及年代学等综合研究,确认含铀的围岩为钠长岩,主要由钠长石(平均An=3.36)组成,Na_2O平均含量为7.91%,属碱性(平均σ=5.84),强过铝(A/CNK≥1.10),具有高分异指数(平均DI=82.39%)、长英指数(平均FL=88.39%)、镁铁指数(平均MF=84.92%)及低的固结指数(平均SI=5.06%)的特征,且具有极低的稀土含量(平均∑REE=162)。[n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)]_i均大于0.710,具有壳源特征,形成年龄(锆石SIMS年龄测试结果为1057 Ma)与水桥寺岩体(1038～1070 Ma)接近,是水桥寺高分异岩体由黑云母微斜长石花岗岩—含黑云母微斜长钠长花岗岩—钠长花岗岩—钠长岩的演化分异过程中最远端产物。晶质铀矿稀土配分模式及成分特征与典型岩浆型铀矿床一致,其形成于高温(平均662.19℃)的地质环境中,铀矿物与钠长岩具有同源、同演化及近于同时形成的特征,进而确定牟定地区铀矿化为一种与钠长岩有关的新的铀矿化类型,具有岩浆分异成因特征。Ti对U的络合、迁移及巨粒晶质铀矿形成起了至关重要的作用。此外,岩体演化分异过程中不仅控制铀矿化的产出,同时钠长花岗岩阶段还有Nb、Ta矿化产出。     

Geochemistry of arc-related mantle peridotites and gabbros from the Chaldoran ophiolite,NW Iran

ABSTRACT

The Neo-Tethys-related Chaldoran ophiolite peridotites in NW Iran are remnants of mantle lithosphere, exhumed tectonically during the Late Cretaceous. Harzburgite is the predominant peridotite type, associated with oceanic lower crust cumulate gabbros occasionally. The ophiolite rocks are unconformably overlain by Late Cretaceous-Paleocene sediments. New whole-rock geochemistry of the variably serpentinized harzburgites shows a depleted nature, exemplified by low Al₂O₃, CaO, TiO₂, V and Y and high Ni, Cr and Mg and also low rare earth element (REE) contents. The harzburgites present LREE enrichment. Positive correlations between some LREEs and high field strength elements (HFSE) suggest enrichment of LREEs by melt re-fertilization processes. Cr-spinels have Cr number of [Cr# = Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.53–0.67], showing medium to high degree of partial melting (F = ~17-20%). Both whole-rock and mineral chemistry data show a supra-subduction zone setting and progressive depletion along with increase in spinel Cr# (MOR to fore arc). The cumulate gabbros have high MgO and SiO₂, low TiO₂ and Ti/V < 10 and also low chondrite normalized Dy (<8.5). The gabbro samples show enriched LREEs and LILEs and depleted HREEs and HFSEs with respect to MORBs.

Subduction initiation (SI) model in a fore-arc/proto-fore-arc environment is suggested for the upper mantle evolution of the Chaldoran ophiolite. The rocks have experienced depletion in a second melting process at the later stages of SI and compositions were probably modified by extraction of island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and possibly boninitic (BON) melts. The chemostratigraphic progression for ‘subduction initiation rule (SIR)’ is likely traceable in Chaldoran mafic-ultramafic sequence, which corresponds to the most Neo-Tethyan ophiolites and is similar to MOR to supra-subduction zone (SSZ) evolution of most Iranian ‘Inner’ and ‘Outer Zagros’ ophiolitic peridotites.     

滇东筇竹寺组页岩气富集条件及成矿预测

滇东地区下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色页岩分布范围广、厚度大,具有较好的页岩气资源前景。本文利用钻井样品测试分析数据,结合野外露头样品测试结果,对这一地区筇竹寺组的沉积环境,优质页岩的分布及埋深、有机地球化学指标、储集性参数、含气性等页岩气的富集条件进行系统分析,并预测马龙、沾益至会泽一带,为筇竹寺组页岩气最有利的成矿富集区。