Labour-Centred Development in Latin America: Two cases of alternative development

The ‘pink tide’ in Latin America is drawing increasing criticisms from the political left for its inability to confront existing socio-structural inequalities. This article contributes to these debates in two ways. First, as a means of understanding better the development strategies that have been followed by left-leaning governments, it highlights and critiques what it labels Elite Development Theory (EDT) encompassing Washington Consensus and Statist Political Economy. It shows how despite its self-stated objectives – the amelioration of the conditions of the poor and their uplifting – EDT is grounded in elite assumptions about social change: States and corporations are posited as prime-movers in the development process while collective efforts of labouring classes to pursue their own developmental strategies are ignored and/or de-legitimated. Exploitation, oppression and the ideological delegitimation of labouring class collective actions form the core of EDT. The second contribution of this article is to argue for an alternative form of what it terms Labour-Centred Development (LCD). This argument is supported through an examination of the Chilean cordones industriales and Argentinian empresas recuperadas por sus trabajadores (ERT) movements. The article concludes that whilst LCD may be a rarity, its existence offers the basis for alternative development theory and strategy.     

Taxonomy and paleoecology of a new gastropod fauna from dysoxic outer ramp facies of the Lower Cretaceous Agrio Formation,Neuquén Basin,west-central Argentina

Four gastropod species are described from dysaerobic biofacies of the lower part of the Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation, Neuquén Basin: Metacerithium turriculatum (Forbes, 1845), Nerineopsis acutecarinatum (Behrendsen, 1891) and the new species Ampullina pichinka and Mesalia? kushea. They were active epifaunals and possibly deposit-feeders and/or browsers, and epifaunal to semi-infaunal possibly suspension- or deposit-feeder in the case of M.? kushea, thriving in soft to firm substrates. These gastropods, together with two aporrhaid species, are the dominant components of a typically small-sized, low-diversity macrobenthic fauna that occurs in dark, organic-rich shales. The facies in which this fauna is recorded are thought to represent a transition from lower to upper outer ramp marine settings, in the context of a second-order TST and early stages of a HST. They record a transition from lower dysoxic conditions in the lowest part of the Agua de la Mula Member to upper dysoxic conditions upwards. Two distinct gastropod biofacies were recognized corresponding to the two identified stages: biofacies A, dominated by Protohemichenopus neuquensis and N. acutecarinatum, more tolerant to dysoxic conditions, and biofacies B, dominated by M. turriculatum and Mesalia? kushea, less tolerant to oxygen deficiency.     

老挝西北部沙耶武里地区闪长岩锆石U-Pb年代学与地球化学特征

老挝沙耶武里地区发育一套二叠纪-三叠纪岩浆岩,主要岩性为玄武岩、安山岩、流纹岩和花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和闪长岩。本文报道了老挝西北部沙耶武里地区闪长岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为253.5±1.5Ma（MSWD=1.18）,属早三叠世。该岩体明显富集K、Rb、Ba、Sr、Th、U等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土微量元素（LREE）,Nb、Ta、Ni等高场强元素相对亏损,Nb/Ta、Th/Yb、（Th/Nb）N和Nb/La比值表明岩石成因具壳幔混合特征;结合区域地质构造演化过程综合分析得出该岩体形成的大地构造背景为古特提斯洋洋壳俯冲-岛弧环境。     

新疆阿克苏寒武系吾松格尔组造迹行为的单调性

除某些蓝细菌之外,绝大多数白云岩中很难出现底栖后生动物化石。位于塔里木板块北部新疆阿克苏地区肖尔布拉克剖面的寒武系第二统吾松格尔组岩性以白云岩为主夹少量灰岩,属广阔浅潮汐带大面积强蒸发高盐度云坪环境而不利于底栖和游泳的后生动物群生存。本文首次报导该层位中一个低分异度的遗迹类群,它们均产出于薄层泥晶灰岩,鉴定遗迹属包括：Chondrites,Helminthopsis,Skolithos,Stelloglyphu,Taenidium,Thalassinoides,其形态均为小型简单的动物潜穴,属于古生代浅海地层中的常见分子;薄层灰岩中还见少量三叶虫和密集产出软舌螺。吾松格尔组白云岩沉积期海水高盐度环境在很大程度上不但抑制实体化石保存的底栖型和游泳型后生动物,也同样抑制没有实体化石保存的后生动物型遗迹造主栖居,遗迹化石的造主和带壳后生动物只能在正常盐度和动荡环境的薄层灰岩沉积期短暂迁移到此。本实例从环境角度诠释生物进化的制约机制,云坪不是后生动物的理想生态条件,这在寒武纪早期生命大爆发过程中就已经显现出来。     

The Strandja Massif and the İstanbul Zone were once parts of the same palaeotectonic unit: new data from Triassic detrital zircons

Spatially continuous rock assemblages that share similar environmental evolution or structural features can be classified as a single tectonic unit. This approach enables to link dispersed units or massifs with each other and sometimes can be subjective, depending on the classification criteria. The relationship and the nature of the contact between the Strandja Massif and the ?stanbul Zone have been controversial due to the Cainozoic cover. Amalgamation of these units was claimed as early as the Aptian-Albian.

Lower Triassic sedimentary rocks, which are overlain by the Carboniferous flysch with a N-verging thrust fault are exposed NW of the ?stanbul Zone. This study reveals the spatial relationship between the Strandja Massif and the ?stanbul Zone deduced from the U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopes of the detrital zircons from these Lower Triassic clastics. Our results show that the early Triassic basin was fed from a provenance that included arc-related Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian magmatic rocks which is much more likely to be the Strandja Massif than the ?stanbul Zone. The second outcome of this study is that a unit that previously assigned to Palaeozoic turned out to be Triassic, which brings the Strandja Massif farther to the east, into the northern ?stanbul Zone.     

On the origin of multi‐layer coronas between olivine and plagioclase at the gabbro–granulite transition,Valle Fértil–La Huerta Ranges,San Juan Province,Argentina

Troctolitic gabbros from Valle Fértil and La Huerta Ranges, San Juan Province, NW‐Argentina exhibit multi‐layer corona textures between cumulus olivine and plagioclase. The corona mineral sequence, which varies in the total thickness from 0.5 to 1 mm, comprises either an anhydrous corona type I with olivine|orthopyroxene|clinopyroxene+spinel symplectite|plagioclase or a hydrous corona type II with olivine|orthopyroxene|amphibole|amphibole+spinel symplectite|plagioclase. The anhydrous corona type I formed by metamorphic replacement of primary olivine and plagioclase, in the absence of any fluid/melt phase at <840 °C. Diffusion controlled metamorphic solid‐state replacement is mainly governed by the chemical potential gradients at the interface of reactant olivine and plagioclase and orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Thus, the thermodynamic incompatibility of the reactant minerals at the gabbro–granulite transition and the phase equilibria of the coronitic assemblage during subsequent cooling were modelled using quantitative μMgO–μCaO phase diagrams. Mineral reaction textures of the anhydrous corona type I indicate an inward migration of orthopyroxene on the expense of olivine, while clinopyroxene+spinel symplectite grows outward to replace plagioclase. Mineral textures of the hydrous corona type II indicate the presence of an interstitial liquid trapped between cumulus olivine and plagioclase that reacts with olivine to produce a rim of peritectic orthopyroxene around olivine. Two amphibole types are distinguished: an inclusion free, brownish amphibole I is enriched in trace elements and REEs relative to green amphibole II. Amphibole I evolves from an intercumulus liquid between peritectic orthopyroxene and plagioclase. Discrete layers of green amphibole II occur as inclusion‐free rims and amphibole II+spinel symplectites. Mineral textures and geochemical patterns indicate a metamorphic origin for amphibole II, where orthopyroxene was replaced to form an inner inclusion‐free amphibole II layer, while clinopyroxene and plagioclase were replaced to form an outer amphibole+spinel symplectite layer, at <770 °C. Calculation of the possible net reactions by considering NCKFMASH components indicates that the layer bulk composition cannot be modelled as a ‘closed’ system although in all cases the gain and loss of elements within the multi‐layer coronas (except H₂O, Na₂O) is very small and the main uncertainties may arise from slight chemical zoning of the respective minerals. Local oxidizing conditions led to the formation of orthopyroxene+magnetite symplectite enveloping and/or replacing olivine. The sequence of corona reaction textures indicates a counter clockwise P–T path at the gabbro–granulite transition at 5–6.5 kbar and temperatures below 900 °C.     

Variability of the apparent quantum efficiency of CO photoproduction in the Gulf of Maine and Northwest Atlantic

The photochemical oxidation of colored, dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is important for carbon cycling in the ocean. This oxidation process produces a number of products, including carbon monoxide (CO). While the photochemical production efficiency of CO (apparent quantum yield, AQY, defined in terms of CDOM absorbance) has been reported to be similar for many water types, a full evaluation of the observed natural variability in CO AQY requires additional study. Here we use a polychromatic irradiation system to determine twenty AQY spectra at sea on fresh samples ranging from the near coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine to the offshore waters of the Northwest Atlantic. Despite the geographic variability of these marine samples the AQY of CO production in the Gulf of Maine and Northwest Atlantic exhibited only a small degree of variability, none of which was not correlated with measured environmental parameters. Consequently, a single aggregate AQY spectrum _λ = e^{(−(9.134+0.0425(λ−290)))+e(−(11.316+0.0142(λ−290)))} was found to adequately represent the entire data set. Significantly, the accuracy of an AQY spectrum determined using this multispectral/statistical technique was confirmed with data obtained from a monochromatic irradiation technique on a single open ocean sample. Taken together, the AQY spectra determined in this study were similar in magnitude and shape to those previously published for marine samples and, overall, were somewhat lower than those previously reported for freshwater studies.     

Solar and proxy-sensitivity imprints on paleohydrological records for the last millennium in west-central Europe

This paper presents a lake-level record established for the last millennium at Lake Saint-Point in the French Jura Mountains. A comparison of this lake-level record with a solar irradiance record supports the hypothesis of a solar forcing of variations in the hydrological cycle linked to climatic oscillations over the last millennium in west-central Europe, with higher lake levels during the solar minimums of Oort (around AD 1060), Wolf (around AD 1320), Spörer (around AD 1450), Maunder (around AD 1690), and Dalton (around AD 1820). Further comparisons of the Saint-Point record with the fluctuations of the Great Aletsch Glacier (Swiss Alps) and a record of Rhône River floods from Lake Bourget (French Alps) give evidence of possible imprints of proxy sensitivity on reconstructed paleohydrological records. In particular, the Great Aletsch record shows an increasing glacier mass from AD 1350 to 1850, suggesting a cumulative effect of the Little Ice Age cooling and/or a possible reflection of a millennial-scale general cooling until the mid-19th century in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, the Saint-Point and Bourget records show a general trend toward a decrease in lake levels and in flood magnitude anti-correlated with generally increasing solar irradiance.     

First Late Triassic Record of a Paleoentomofauna from South America(Malargüe Basin,Mendoza Province,Argentina)

<正>Late Middle Triassic to early Late Triassic insects from Argentina have been previously described from the Bermejo and Cuyana Basins where they have been recovered from the Ischichuca-Los Rastros and Potrerillos-Cacheuta Formations,respectively.The insect fauna discussed herein was collected during field studies in 1986/1987 from the Llantenes section(Norian to Rhaetian? Late Triassic),which is situated in the Malargue Basin in southern Mendoza province.The insect remains were found in the upper part of the Llantenes section (Llantenes Formation),which is built up of two coarsening-upwards cycles reflecting a deltaic progradation of a fluvial into a lacustrine environment(lower part),succeeded by repeated progradations into a floodplain-dominated environment(upper part;with finds of insects,conchostracans,fish remains,plant fragments,and drifted logs).The new finds represent the youngest Triassic insect records described from Argentina and even from South America in its entirety.There is only one contemporaneous fossil assemblage in Gondwana:in the Clarence/Moreton Basin(Aberdare Conglomerate;Late Norian)in Australia.The new Triassic insects include an impression of an isolated Mecopterida-like wing(Mendozachorista volkheimeri gen.et sp.nov.; Mendozachoristidae fam.nov.),coleopteran elytra of the Permosynidae(Ademosyne rosenfeldi sp.nov.and Ademosyne llantenesensis sp.nov.)and other isolated body fragments.This new Late Triassic entomofauna from Argentina is of considerable importance in the reconstruction of the biotic recovery of continental environments in Gondwana after the catastrophic mass extinction at the P/T boundary.     

滇西北香格里拉地区钨矿成矿规律及找矿方向

滇西北香格里拉地区已成为我国重要的铜钼资源勘查开发基地,区内的燕山期岩浆岩带呈南北向纵跨义敦岛弧、甘孜-理塘结合带及扬子西缘坳陷带,并伴随着钨钼多金属矿化,形成了休瓦促、麻花坪等大中型钨多金属矿床.区内的钨矿床与花岗岩有直接成因和空间联系,具有剩余重力低异常、弱正磁异常、钨锡钼铋组合异常及钨锡自然重砂异常特征.本文通过...