Silicate‐oxide mineral chemistry of mafic–ultramafic rocks as an indicator of the roots of an island arc: The Chilas Complex,Kohistan (Pakistan)

The Chilas Complex is a major lower crustal component of the Cretaceous Kohistan island arc and one of the largest exposed slices of arc magma chamber in the world. Covering more than 8000 km², it reaches a current tectonic width of around 40 km. It was emplaced at 85 Ma during rifting of the arc soon after the collision of the arc with the Karakoram plate. Over 85% of the Complex comprises homogeneous, olivine‐free gabbronorite and subordinate orthopyroxene–quartz diorite association (MGNA), which contains bodies of up to 30 km² of ultramafic–mafic–anorthositic association (UMAA) rocks. Primary cumulate textures, igneous layering, and sedimentary structures are well preserved in layered parts of the UMAA in spite of pervasive granulite facies metamorphism. Mineral analyses show that the UMAA is characterized by more magnesian and more aluminous pyroxene and more calcic plagioclase than those in the MGNA. High modal abundances of orthopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite (in MGNA), general Mg–Fe–Al spatial variations, and an MFA plot of whole‐rock analyses suggest a calc‐alkaline origin for the Complex. Projection of the pyroxene compositions on the Wo–En–Fs face is akin to those of pyroxenes from island arcs gabbros. The presence of highly calcic plagioclase and hornblende in UMAA is indicative of hydrous parental arc magma. The complex may be a product of two‐stage partial melting of a rising mantle diaper. The MGNA rocks represent the earlier phase melting, whereas the UMAA magma resulted from the melting of the same source depleted by the extraction of the earlier melt phase. Some of the massive peridotites in the UMAA may either be cumulates or represent metasomatized and remobilized upper mantle. The Chilas Complex shows similarities with many other (supra)subduction‐related mafic–ultramafic complexes worldwide.     

基于T/P 和Jason-1 高度计数据的渤黄东海潮汐信息提取

对19 a 的TOPEX/POSEIDON(以下称T/P)和Jason-1 卫星高度计测高数据进行调和分析, 得到渤黄东海海域的8 个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1 和Q1)。提出一种将两类卫星高度计数据统一的方法, 消除了因两类卫星高度计校正算法等不同所导致的相互之间的偏差。变轨后的T/P与Jason-1 卫星加密了高度计对潮汐观测的空间分布。通过对交叉点处升轨与降轨的潮汐调和分析结果进行比较, 检验调和分析方法及高度计数据的可靠性; 将基于高度计数据的调和分析结果与验潮站资料进行比较, 以检验其正确性。4 个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)振幅之差的均方根介于1.0~1.8 cm, 迟角之差的均方根介于4.1°~7.8°。与已有研究结果相比, 调和分析结果的精确性有所提高。在此基础上, 综合变轨前后两类高度计测高数据的调和分析结果, 给出并分析了渤黄东海4 个主要分潮的同潮图。     

Flood‐based analysis of high‐magnitude sediment transport using a non‐parametric method

Upland erosion and the resulting reservoir siltation is a serious issue in the Isábena catchment (445 km² Central Spanish Pyrenees). During a three‐month period, water and sediment fluxes have been monitored at the catchment outlet (Capella), two adjacent subcatchments (Villacarli, 41 km²; Cabecera, 145 km²) and the elementary badland catchment Torrelaribera (8 ha). This paper presents the results of the monitoring, a method for the calculation of a sedigraph from intermittent measurements and the derived sediment yields at the monitored locations. The observed suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) demonstrate the role of badlands as sediment sources: SSCs of up to 280 g l^?1 were encountered for Villacarli, which includes large badland areas. SSCs at the Cabecera catchment, with great areas of woodland, barely exceeded 30 g l^?1. SSCs directly at the sediment source (Torrelaribera) were comparable to those at Villacarli, suggesting a close connection within this subcatchment. At Capella, SSCs of up to 99 g l^?1 were observed. For all sites, SSC displayed only a loose correlation with discharge, inhibiting the application of a simple sediment rating curve. Instead, ancillary variables acting as driving forces or proxies for the processes (rainfall energy, cumulative discharge, rising/falling limb data) were included in a quantile regression forest model to explain the variability in SSC. The variables with most predictive power vary between the sites, suggesting the predominance of different processes. The subsequent flood‐based calculation of sediment yields attests high specific sediment yields for Torrelaribera and Villacarli (6277 and 1971 t km^?2) and medium to high yields for Cabecera and Capella (139 and 410 t km^?2) during the observation period. In all catchments, most of the sediment was exported during intense storms of late summer. Later flood events yield successively less sediment. Relating upland sediment production to yield at the outlet suggests considerable effects of sediment storage within the river channel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的应用研究

利用在太湖获得的2010年8月11-28日的观测资料研究了一维热扩散湖模式在太湖的适用性,通过对比模拟进一步研究了影响太湖湖表温度模拟的主要因子。该湖模式对太湖最初的模拟结果并不理想,模拟的湖表面温度与观测有较大的系统性偏差,温度的日变化幅度与观测相比也偏小。通过分析该模式对太湖的模拟效果不理想的可能原因,针对太湖的生态环境和污染情况,设计了18个测试参数的敏感性试验,从敏感性试验的结果分析得到,适用于太湖的、依赖于湖泊类型的3个参数应做如下修改:消光系数（η₀）应放大3倍,湖泊表层吸收的太阳辐射系数（β）应取0.8,粗糙长度（z₀）采用公式计算得到。用新得到的适用于太湖的3个参数,模拟得到的结果与最初的模拟结果和观测资料对比,发现采用新的参数后,模拟结果比最初的模拟结果有了很大的改进,模拟的湖表温度基本接近观测,模拟的湖水垂直剖面时间序列图也跟观测吻合得较好,随之的感热、潜热通量的模拟也都与观测接近。最后,对输入湖模式的主要大气参量（太阳辐射、2 m气温及风场）±10%的误差引起的模式模拟的湖表面温度误差进行分析,结果表明该湖模式对大气强迫场的误差敏感度不高;相比之下,模拟结果对风场敏感性最小,对辐射和气温的敏感度相当。     

Trophic modeling of the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem, Part II: Elucidating ecosystem dynamics from 1995 to 2004 with a focus on the impact of ENSO

The Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem is one of the most productive in the world in terms of fish production. Its location near to the equator permits strong upwelling under relatively low winds, thus creating optimal conditions for the development of plankton communities. These communities ultimately support abundant populations of grazing fish such as the Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens. The ecosystem is also subject to strong inter-annual environmental variability associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has major effects on nutrient structure, primary production, and higher trophic levels. Here our objective is to model the contributions of several external drivers (i.e. reconstructed phytoplankton changes, fish immigration, and fishing rate) and internal control mechanisms (i.e. predator-prey) to ecosystem dynamics over an ENSO cycle. Steady-state models and time-series data from the Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) from 1995 to 2004 provide the base data for simulations conducted with the program Ecopath with Ecosim. In simulations all three external drivers contribute to ecosystem dynamics. Changes in phytoplankton quantity and composition (i.e. contribution of diatoms and dino- and silicoflagellates), as affected by upwelling intensity, were important in dynamics of the El Niño of 1997–98 and the subsequent 3 years. The expansion and immigration of mesopelagic fish populations during El Niño was important for dynamics in following years. Fishing rate changes were the most important of the three external drivers tested, helping to explain observed dynamics throughout the modeled period, and particularly during the post-El Niño period. Internal control settings show a mix of predator–prey control settings; however a “wasp-waist” control of the ecosystem by small pelagic fish is not supported.     

基于卫星遥感的临沂市冬小麦种植时空变化特征分析

以临沂地区为研究区,基于Terra/MOD13Q1遥感植被数据产品,通过分析冬小麦的遥感光谱特征、物候历特征及其生物学特性,提取2009—2019年临沂地区冬小麦种植信息,利用GIS空间分析方法和统计分析方法分析了临沂冬小麦种植的时空分布变化规律。结果显示:1)空间上,近10年来临沂地区冬小麦种植面积在2 800～3 000 km~2之间浮动,占整个地区土地面积的17%左右,总体变化较小,种植区域呈南多北少的分布格局,主要集中在兰陵、临沭和郯城; 2)从冬小麦种植稳定度上看,连续种植冬小麦10 a及以上的区域,主要集中在兰陵和郯城,面积为1 638 km~2,稳定度高,连续种植小于4 a的区域有1 914 km~2,主要分布在莒南和费县,种植不稳定; 3)时间上,冬小麦面积由2009年的2 838 km~2增加到2019年的2 985 km~2,变化幅度和年均变化率分别为5.5%和0.5%,呈缓慢增加趋势。本研究为临沂地区冬小麦种植的深入了解以及农业结构调整提供了较为准确、科学的参考依据。     

大地电磁测深法在慈页1井定位中的应用

在灰岩发育地区进行钻探作业时经常会遇到溶洞,给钻探带来不小的风险.为了减小钻探风险,可以采用探测深度大、对溶洞识别能力强的大地电磁测深法进行溶洞探测,确定钻孔的有利位置.本文以慈页1井的钻孔定位研究为例,通过在井场开展大地电磁测深工作,查明井场下方可能有溶洞发育的区域,最终确定了孔位的有利位置,在实际钻进过程中并未遇到溶洞发育段,说明通过大地电磁测深法布置的孔位合理,保证了钻探的安全施工.     

Altimeter Signal-to-Noise for Deep Ocean Processes in Operational Systems

The ocean signal for this study is the sea surface height due to the slowly varying (greater than 5-day) ocean processes, which are predominantly the deep ocean mesoscale. These processes are the focus of present assimilation systems for monitoring and predicting ocean circulation due to ocean fronts and eddies and the associated environmental changes that impact real time activities in areas with depths greater than about 200 m. By this definition, signal-to-noise may be estimated directly from altimeter data sets through a crossover point analysis. The RMS variability in crossover differences is due to instrument noise, errors in environmental corrections to the satellite observation, and short time period oceanic variations. The signal-to-noise ratio indicates that shallow areas are typically not well observed due to the high frequency fluctuations. Many deep ocean areas also contain significant high frequency variability such as the subpolar latitudes, which have large atmospheric pressure systems moving through, and these in turn generate large errors in the inverse barometer correction. Understanding the spatial variations of signal to noise is a necessary prerequisite for correct assimilation of the data into operational systems.     

福建-台湾地区一维地壳速度结构的初始模型

文中收集整理了利用人工地震测深、 天然地震到时以及布格重力异常、 地震地质资料反演福建-台湾地区地壳结构的不同结果。 对这些不同的初始模型进行了分析和比较, 给出了该区域的综合一维平均地壳速度结构模型, 为进一步开展该区域二维或三维地壳精细结构反演提供一个合适的一维初始地壳模型。     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。