Simulating net primary production of grasslands in northeastern Asia using MODIS data from 2000 to 2005

The net primary production (NPP) of grasslands in northeastern Asia was estimated using improved CASA model with MODIS data distributed from 2000 and ground data as driving variables from 2000 to 2005. Average annual NPP was 146.05 g C m?2 yr?1 and average annual total NPP was 0.32 Pg C yr?1 in all grasslands during the period. It was shown that average annual grassland NPP in the whole northeastern Asia changed dramatically from 2000 to 2005, with the highest value of 174.80 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2005 and the lowest value of 125.65 g C m?2 yr?1 in 2001. On regional scale, average annual grassland NPP of 179.71 g C m?2 yr?1 in southeastern Russia was the highest among the three main grassland regions in the six years. Grasslands in northern China exhibited the highest average annual total NPP of 0.16 Pg C yr?1 and contributed 51.42% of the average annual total grassland NPP in northeastern Asia. Grassland NPP in northeastern Asia also showed a clear seasonal pattern with the highest NPP occurred in July every year. Average monthly grassland NPP in southeastern Russia was the highest from May to August while average monthly grassland NPP in northern China showed the highest NPP before May and after August. The change rate distribution of grassland NPP between the former three years and the latter three years showed grassland NPP changed slightly between the two stages in most regions, and that NPP change rate in 80.98% of northeastern Asia grasslands was between –0.2 and 0.2. Grassland NPP had close correlation with precipitation and temperature, that indicates climate change will influence the grassland NPP and thus have a great impact on domestic livestock in this region in future.     

基于树轮资料重建森林净初级生产力的研究进展

森林净初级生产力(NPP)反映了森林植被固定和转换光合产物的能力,表示了森林碳汇功能强度,也是评价森林植被的演替状况以及陆地生态系统承载力的主要指标。基于遥感、清查资料等方法估算NPP已经取得了一些进展,但传统的研究方法受限于观测(调查)年份,难以有效获取长时间尺度的区域森林种群或群落年际NPP。树轮资料较为有效地反映了历史时期森林植被的逐年生长状况,从而在估算高精度且长时间尺度区域森林种群及群落NPP中具有较大的优势。本文对利用树轮资料重建区域森林NPP的两种主要方法进行了总结,第一种方法主要是依据树轮资料提供的立木逐年生长量进行生物量以及NPP的估算;第二种方法则是利用树轮指数与其他植被指数的相关性间接反演过去时间段区域森林群落NPP的变化。上述两种估算NPP的方法均存在较多的限制性,未来利用树轮资料估算NPP的时空精度仍有待提高。     

基于遥感-生态过程的绿洲-荒漠生态系统净初级生产力估算

针对干旱区特有的气候-植被特征,利用卫星遥感混合像元分解技术对干旱区植被进行了光合作用植被和非光合作用植被区分和组分解析,尝试通过对于旱覆被植被灌层结构进行解析而解决因植被光能吸收的估算问题,并参考国际上遥感-生态模型GLO-PEM和CASA,借助遥感生态反演的物理分析,初步构建起基于遥感与生态过程的干旱区适用的光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,并以ERDAS IMAGINE为平台,实现了模型可视化模型界面,可用于中国西部干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统年净第一性生产力的估算.由于考虑了干旱植被生理特征和灌层结构的光能利用模型,模拟结构与原理更加合理完善,为引入其他生态模型应用或移植到干旱区提供借鉴,从而为中国干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径.     

Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies,their net primary productivity,seasonality and possible methane emissions

A global data set on the geographic distribution and seasonality of freshwater wetlands and rice paddies has been compiled, comprising information at a spatial resolution of 2.5° by latitude and 5° by longitude. Global coverage of these wetlands total 5.7×10⁶ km² and 1.3×10⁶ km², respectively. Natural wetlands have been grouped into six categories following common terminology, i.e. bog, fen, swamp, marsh, floodplain, and shallow lake. Net primary productivity (NPP) of natural wetlands is estimated to be in the range of 4–9×10¹⁵ g dry matter per year. Rice paddies have an NPP of about 1.4×10¹⁵ g y^–1. Extrapolation of measured CH₄ emissions in individual ecosystems lead to global methane emission estimates of 40–160 Teragram (1 Tg=10¹² g) from natural wetlands and 60–140 Tg from rice paddies per year. The mean emission of 170–200 Tg may come in about equal proportions from natural wetlands and paddies. Major source regions are located in the subtropics between 20 and 30° N, the tropics between 0 and 10° S, and the temperate-boreal region between 50 and 70° N. Emissions are highly seasonal, maximizing during summer in both hemispheres. The wide range of possible CH₄ emissions shows the large uncertainties associated with the extrapolation of measured flux rates to global scale. More investigations into ecophysiological principals of methane emissions is warranted to arrive at better source estimates.     

The interactive climate and vegetation along the Pole-Equator belts simulated by a global coupled model

The interaction between climate and vegetation along four Pole-Equator-Pole （PEP） belts were explored using a global two-way coupled model, AVIM-GOALS, which links the ecophysiological processes at the land surface with the general circulation model （GCM）. The PEP belts are important in linking the climate change with the variation of sea and land, including terrestrial ecosystems. Previous PEP belts studies have mainly focused on the paleoclimate variation and its reconstruction. This study analyzes and discusses the interaction between modern climate and vegetation represented by leaf area index （LAI） and net primary production （NPP）. The results show that the simulated LAI variation, corresponding to the observed LAI variation, agrees with the peak-valley variation of precipitation in these belts. The annual mean NPP simulated by the coupled model is also consistent with PIK NPP data in its overall variation trend along the four belts, which is a good example to promote global ecological studies by coupling the climate and vegetation models. A large discrepancy between the simulated and estimated LAI emerges to the south of 15°N along PEP 3 and to the south of 18°S in PEP 1S, and the discrepancy for the simulated NPP and PIK data in the two regions is relatively smaller in contrast to the LAI difference. Precipitation is a key factor affecting vegetation variation, and the overall trend of LAI and NPP corresponds more obviously to precipitation variation than temperature change along most parts of these PEP belts.     

风蚀对中国北方脆弱生态系统碳循环的影响

风蚀是中国北方脆弱生态系统土壤质量退化和沙漠化的关键因素。文章基于土壤剖面普查和土壤侵蚀遥感调查数据,计算出风蚀土壤有机碳的侵蚀量和空间分布,并与风蚀区的净第一性生产力(NPP)比较。结果发现土壤风蚀区的一个显著特征是表层土壤有机质含量较小,并且随着土壤风蚀强度的增加,相应的表层土壤平均有机质含量和NPP基本上逐渐减小,而相应的土壤有机碳的侵蚀量却明显增大。在中国北方严重风蚀的脆弱生态区,土壤有机碳的侵蚀量超过了NPP,风蚀影响了生态系统的正常碳循环。     

气候变化对净生态系统生产力的影响

基于生态系统碳平衡方程以及净第一性生产力 (NPP) 和气候资料反演了1km分辨率的中国土壤异养呼吸系数 (aij),结果表明：aij总体上是东南和东北地区高,西北地区低;和NPP相比,东南沿海和华南的大部分地区的aij值并不大,而在东北北部和东部有大面积的aij高值区。这表明当气候适宜时,这些地区的土壤异养呼吸将具有较大的增长潜力。在假定气温平均升高1.5^oC,降水平均增加5%的情景下,对中国净生态系统生产力 (NEP) 的研究表明：生态系统与大气的碳通量都有所增加,其中NPP平均增加了6.2%,土壤异养呼吸平均增加了5.5％,不同生态系统的NEP存在很大的差异,其中最稳定最有潜力的自然生态系统的碳汇是北方落叶针叶林;对人工植被而言,最多最稳定的碳汇是一年一熟作物;而双季稻连作喜温作物和单 (双) 季稻连作喜凉作物生态系统起着较稳定的碳源作用。