Pyrolysis-GC-MS and NMR studies of dissolved seawater humic substances and isolates of a marine diatom

¹³C- and ¹H-NMR spectra were obtained for humic substances isolated from a coastal marine environment and also for the intracellular and extracellular extracts of a marine diatom. Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin. Highly branched alkyl chains constitute a large proportion of the structure of the marine humic material, whereas aromatic components are less important. Carbohydrate-type materials, possibly uronic acids, are also present in appreciable amounts. Furans (derived from carbohydrates). pyrroles and nitriles (derived from proteins, nucleic acids and/or tetrapyrroles) and phenols and methylphenols (non-lignin derived) are pyrolysis products derived from pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the extracts. The results indicate the similarities in chemical structure of P. tricornutum exudate and dissolved marine humic material.     

Solid state C NMR studies of selected oil shales from Queensland, Australia

Solid state ¹³C NMR techniques of cross polarization with magic-angle spinning, and interrupted decoupling have been employed to examine the nature of the organic matter in eight kerogen concentrates representing five Tertiary deposits in Queensland, Australia. The NMR results show that five of the kerogens have high proportions of aliphatic carbon in their organic matter and correspond to Type I–II algal kerogens. Three of the kerogens, derived from carbonaceous shales, have a high proportion of aromatic carbon in their organic matter and correspond to Type III kerogens. The fractions of aliphatic carbon in all the kerogens, regardless of type, are shown to correlate with the conversion characteristics of the corresponding raw shales during Fischer assay. Interrupted decoupling NMR results show the presence of more oxygen-substituted carbon in the carbonaceous shales, which may account for the greater CO₂ evolution and phenolic materials found in the pyrolysis products of the carbonaceous shales.     

基于简化的Pride理论模拟声电效应测井响应

针对声电效应测井问题，提出了一种全波列数值模拟方法.该方法忽略声电效应测井 时转换电场对声场的影响,并将电场视为似稳场.采用点声源模型，依据Biot理论得出了井外 孔隙介质声场的表达式，运用这些表达式和似稳电场近似方法，导出了声电效应测井时转换 电场的计算公式.在计算出的转换电场波形中，有伴随斯通利波的电场、伴随纵波和横波的 电场、和临界折射电磁波场.在25kHz以下的频率范围内，依据这种方法计算出来的声电转换 波波形与依据完整Pride理论计算的波形一致.     

地面核磁共振找水方法在中国的应用效果

简要地阐述了地面NMR方法的直接找水原理及特点，并以实例说明了新的找水方法巳在中国11个省区地下水探查中取得出明显成效。建议在提高NMR找水仪抗电磁干扰能力和加大勘探深度方面进行研究，提高新方法的适应性。     

利用NMR研究三峡工程库区赵树岭滑坡稳定性

核磁共振找水仪(NMR)应用于滑坡地下水研究具有广泛的前景。本文以三峡工程库区巴东县赵树岭滑坡为例,说明利用NMR测试成果确定岩土层水文地质参数的方法,同时根据滑体含水量变化特征,进行滑坡的地下水含水层划分、滑动面确定,改进滑坡稳定性计算。利用NMR测试所测定的滑坡体地下水特征,进行赵树岭滑坡刚体极限平衡分析和有限元数值模拟,结果表明地下水特征对滑坡稳定影响很大,利用NMR可以更准确和有效地进行滑坡稳定性研究。     

Self-diffusion studies of pore fluids in unconsolidated sediments by PFG NMR

The self-diffusion of water and hexadecane in medium and coarse sands from glacial sand deposits in central Germany were investigated by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR). Due to the restriction of the diffusion path at the pore/grain interface, the measured apparent self-diffusion coefficients (D(Δ)) in the pore space depend on the observation time (Δ) in the PFG NMR experiment. Although the bulk self-diffusion coefficients of water and hexadecane differ by about one order of magnitude, the apparent self-diffusion coefficients in the pore space obey the same characteristic time-behaviour, which depends only on geometrical properties of the pore system. Using the “short-time diffusion” model, surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios and inherent self-diffusion coefficients (D₀) of the pore fluids were extracted from these diffusion measurements. The S/V ratios obtained are independent of the pore fluid used and agree with known geometrical properties of the sand grains. Moreover, the D₀ values are consistent with the corresponding bulk self-diffusion coefficients measured separately. In contrast to these results of PFG NMR, simultaneous investigations of longitudinal (T₁) nuclear magnetic relaxation reveal that the relaxation time of the pore fluid is a less suitable parameter for a quantitative estimation of geometrical properties of the pore/grain interface in these unconsolidated sediments since it depends on chemical properties of the fluid/grain interface.     

地面核磁共振响应数值模拟研究

模型响应的数值计算是地面核磁共振勘探的一个重要组成部分，作者在本文中给出了地面核磁共振数值计算方法。在文中，作者借助直接数值积分方法，对回线源产生的磁场轴向和垂向分量进行计算，并采用不等间距空间坐标剖分技术，对地面核磁共振积分方程进行数值积分。利用这些计算方法，计算了在均匀导电半空间中的某一深度上，磁场的垂向分量沿轴向变化曲线，并给出了两层导电模型中存在一层含水层的地电模型的地面模磁共振响应的数值模拟结果。采用在本文中介绍的数值计算技术，可成功地进行一维含水模型地面核磁共振信号的数值计算。     

天然气水合物的海洋地球物理研究进展

赋存于大陆边缘的天然气水合物是20世纪后期海洋地球物理的一个重要研究对象。本文从地震，测井，地热，岩石物性4个方面阐述天然气水合物的海洋地球物理研究现状，并展望其发展前景。     

地层水矿化度检测的地球物理测井方法

传统的水文地质研究方法在进行地下水的矿化度评价时，是通过地层水的取样进行室内分析化验，确定含水岩组中地层水的矿化度，目前，在利用已有的地质、地球物理资料进行西部地下水资源评价的研究中，鉴于大多数石油井不含有浅层地层水的水样化验资料，因而本文介绍一种利用石油测井数据（主要为自然电位曲线）计算地层水矿化度的方法，并将之应用于鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地地层水的矿化度估算，方法研究和应用实例证明这种方法是较为可靠的，虽然求取的地层水的矿化度的数值存在一定的误差，但完全可以满足地层水矿化度分级评价的需求，从而开发了石油测井数据在水文地质中的应用，也降低了单纯利用水文取样，由于样点少，矿化度预测精度低的缺点。     

The effects of logging on frequency and distribution of landslides in three watersheds on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Three hundred and sixty three landslides in three watersheds that totaled 382 km² were identified from air photographs, beginning at a date that preceded logging to the present. The three watersheds all lie on Vancouver Island; however, they have different precipitation regimes, topography, and amounts logged. Landslide areas in the watersheds varied in size from 200 m² to more than 1 ha. Nearly 80% of the landslides were debris slides; 15% were debris flows, and the remainder primarily rock falls. Following logging, the number of landslides increased substantially in all watersheds although the amount of increase was variable: approximately 11, 3, and 16 times in Macktush Creek, Artlish River, and Nahwitti River, respectively. Other analyses of changes in landslide density also produced highly variable results, with the number of landslides increasing between 2.4 and 24 times. Further, 2–12 times more landslides reached streams following logging activities. Densities for landslides impacting streams increased for the period of record from 1.5 to 10 times following logging activities. The densities were substantially greater where only landslides that reached streams since development began in a watershed were considered. Roads had the greatest spatial impact in the watersheds (compared to their total area), with frequencies determined to have increased by 27, 12, and 94 times for Macktush, Artlish, and Nahwitti, respectively. The results highlight the relative impact of roads and their role in slope stability.