The role of sub‐national government and the private sector in future spatial data infrastructures

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) facilitates and coordinates the exchange and sharing of spatial data between stakeholders in the spatial data community. With this objective in mind, countries throughout the world are developing SDIs to manage and utilize their spatial data assets more effectively. These countries are developing SDIs to assist in various kinds of decision‐making at different levels of government jurisdictions that have an important impact within their national boundaries. However, current research shows that SDI is understood and described differently by stakeholders from different disciplines and different jurisdictional levels. Therefore, in many cases, SDI initiatives remain very much an innovation, even among practitioners. There are still uncertainties regarding the benefits and identities of SDIs, particularly in connection with how they evolve over time to meet user needs. This paper reviews and assesses the development of SDIs throughout the world over the past 15 years and the leadership role of national governments in SDI creation. This assessment is based on the SDI activities of various jurisdictions including Asia‐Pacific, Australia, North America, and Europe, and research into the worldwide effects of spatial information clearing houses. This assessment includes a discussion on emerging trends in SDI development, with particular reference to the increasingly important role played by sub‐national governments and the private sector within the framework of SDI development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for future SDI development, including the delivery of a virtual world that has a particular focus on facilitating decision‐making at a community level within a national context.     

Council Approaches to Implementing Sustainability: a case of rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic?

Local government has a key role to play in implementing sustainability. Yet even councils attempting to address the issue of sustainability are often unacceptably slow and ineffective in their endeavours. This study investigates the approaches that councils currently take in implementing sustainability, as this may shed additional light on the slow progress of councils towards sustainability. The approaches of three New South Wales councils were examined and assessed using a model developed for the study that utilised the Ecological Footprint as the primary assessment tool. The model assessed three key aspects of council approaches to implementing sustainability: (1) the issues councils target for change; (2) the methods councils use to change behaviours; and (3) the clarity and holistic nature of their approaches. All three council approaches scored poorly against the model mainly as a result of the councils' failure to target the behaviours of their residents that are causing the greatest ecological harm. The major implication is that councils need to reconsider, and possibly overhaul, their approaches to implementing sustainability as these approaches are unlikely ever to achieve sustainability.     

城市供水水质监测及应急处理系统设计与实现

随着城市化进程的日益加快,水污染问题越来越严重,水质污染处理成了城市发展中亟待解决的问题。因此,研究构建城市供水水质监测及应急处理系统,实现对城市供水水质实时监测及水质污染应急处理非常重要。本文对城市供水水质监测及应急处理系统的概述、逻辑层次、功能体系、处理流程进行了设计,详细阐述了系统的数据录入模块、水质监测及应急事件处理模块。采用浏览器/服务器的体系结构,以Flex作为前端展示技术、将MapGIS K9 IGServer作为地图服务平台进行二次开发,对城市供水时空数据进行一站式管理,实现对城市饮用水的水质指标监测和应急处理。     

乡镇旅游开发中的政府角色分析——以泾县汀溪乡为例

旅游业对于乡镇经济的促进作用使得中国众多乡镇致力于开发旅游业,在此过程中乡镇政府的地位和角色是十分重要的。通过对乡镇旅游发展过程的研究,发现了其在思想认识、规划、基础设施、资金、人才、产品、市场营销和利益分配等方面的诸多共性问题。并以泾县汀溪乡为例,探讨了其旅游开发中的个性问题,其中包括经济基础薄弱、旅游业起步晚、基础设施落后、缺乏专门管理机构等不足。由此提出了汀溪乡政府在旅游开发过程中应承担的角色有：氛围营造者、市场开拓者、行业管理者、招商引资者和利益协调者。     

区划调整的城市化效应——中山市的案例研究

改革开放以来,中国进入快速城市化发展期,地方政府在城市发展中的作用凸显,而区划调整是其最常用的行政手段之一。区划调整带来土地的快速非农化,但同时也带来了虚假城市化、被动城市化等诟病。本文通过对广东省中山市行政区划调整的案例研究,探讨了地方政府采取区划调整推动地区发展的时效性,并以此为基础,定义了“区划调整先导型城市化”的概念。即以区划调整为先导,带动乡村地区基础设施、产业结构、社会管理、居民意识等的城市化转型。这种转型过程在短期来看是“虚假”的,但从长时段来看则是一种由虚假→部分真实→真实的渐进城市化过程。对于该结论的普适性,尚待进一步的研究。     

Sustainable imaginaries and the green roof on Chicago’s City Hall

The concept of an imaginary has a long history of describing a society’s collective understanding of how the world works. This article introduces the concept of the sustainable imaginary as a society’s understanding and vision of how resources are being used and should be used to ensure socio-environmental reproduction. Incorporating John Allen’s modalities of power makes it possible to see exactly how those resources are being used within and outside of city government. This article employs the sustainable imaginary via the example of the green roof on Chicago’s City Hall. This structure exemplifies appropriate relationships within and with city government, the ways in which imaginaries are performed and reiterated, and how local environments interact with global discourses to produce specific discursive and material outcomes.     

反渗透海水淡化水的市政应用研究

反渗透海水淡化水具有洁净、纯度高和供给稳定的特点,可缓解淡水资源匮乏的问题。文章介绍海湾国家、美国和中国反渗透海水淡化水市政应用现状以及一些典型案例,在此基础上,提出政策扶持和企业协调并重、推进装备核心部件和关键技术国产化以及建立健全相关标准和加强监管等建议,以期促进我国反渗透海水淡化水的大规模市政应用。     

Fragmented participation in management of the fishery for small pelagic fish in South Africa – inclusion of small-rights holders is a complex matter

The reasons why most small-rights holders do not participate in management of the fishery for small pelagic fish (‘small pelagics’) in South Africa, despite legislation and policy encouraging their participation, were analysed. Membership of the Small Pelagics Management Working Group (SPMWG), the main participatory governance organ, is limited to representatives of recognised stakeholder associations. Rights holders therefore have to belong to a stakeholder association, which then selects a member or members to represent them on the SPMWG. Small quotas and the difficulties of sourcing capital mean that small-rights holders are not able to invest in infrastructure. Besides, most of the small-rights holders and their companies lack experience and management skills to survive independently in this highly competitive industry, which is based on high volume and low profit margins. As a result, most of the small-rights holders have no option but to enter into complex catching and processing agreements with vessel- and factory owners belonging to the existing recognised stakeholder associations. For the small-rights holders, it does not make sense to join these associations or even to form their own if they cannot actively participate in the industry independently. Greater participation by small-rights holders should start with their genuine integration into the industry through improved ability to invest in infrastructure and through management skills development. Most likely, this will require an interventionist approach by government.     

浅述电子地图的应用——以增城市规划公示电子地图查询系统为例

为使市民查询规划公示信息更加方便快捷,基于电子地图建立规划公示电子地图查询网站系统,使公众可以可视化地查询所有各类规划业务及方案的受理、批前和批后公示,并可查询最新的控制性规划导则的相关信息,从而达到对公示规范管理、方便广大市民查询和反馈的意见和建议的目的。