Influence of boundary conditions on the out‐of‐plane response of brick masonry walls in buildings with RC slabs

In modern unreinforced masonry buildings with stiff RC slabs, walls of the top floor are most susceptible to out‐of‐plane failure. The out‐of‐plane response depends not only on the acceleration demand and wall geometry but also on the static and kinematic boundary conditions of the walls. This paper discusses the influence of these boundary conditions on the out‐of‐plane response through evaluation of shake table test results and numerical modelling. As a novum, it shows that the in‐plane response of flanking elements, which are orthogonal to the wall whose out‐of‐plane response is studied, has a significant influence on the vertical restraint at the top of the walls. The most critical configuration exists if the flanking elements are unreinforced masonry walls that rock. In this case, the floor slabs can uplift, and the out‐of‐plane load‐bearing walls loose the vertical restraint at the top. Numerical modelling confirms this experimentally observed behaviour and shows that slab uplift and the difference in base and top excitation have a strong influence on the out‐of‐plane response of the walls analysed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Defining the floodplain in hydrologically‐variable settings: implications for flood risk management

Flood risk management is an essential responsibility of state governments and local councils to ensure the protection of people residing on floodplains. Globally, floodplains are under increasing pressure from growing populations. Typically, the engineering‐type solutions that are used to predict local flood magnitude and frequency based on limited gauging data are inadequate, especially in settings which experience high hydrological variability. This study highlights the importance of incorporating geomorphological understanding into flood risk management in southeast Queensland (SEQ), an area badly affected by extreme flood events in 2011 and 2013. The major aim of this study is to outline the hydrological and sedimentological characteristics of various ‘inundation surfaces’ that are typical of catchments in the sub‐tropics. It identifies four major inundation surfaces; within‐channel bench [Q ~ 2.33 yr average recurrence interval (ARI)]; genetic floodplain (Q = 20 yr ARI); hydraulic floodplain (20 yr < Q ≤ 200 yr ARI) and terrace (Q > 1000 yr ARI). These surfaces are considered typical of inundation areas within, and adjacent to, the large macrochannels common to this region and others of similar hydrological variability. An additional area within genetic floodplains was identified where flood surfaces coalesce and produce an abrupt reduction in channel capacity. This is referred to here as a Spill‐out Zone (SOZ). The associated vulnerability and risk of these surfaces is reviewed and recommendations made based on incorporating this geomorphological understanding into flood risk assessments. These recommendations recognize the importance to manage for risks associated with flow inundation and sediment erosion, delivery and deposition. The increasing availability of high resolution topographic data opens up the possibility of more rapid and spatially extensive assessments of key geomorphic processes which can readily be used to predict flood risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

精密工程放样中测量新技术的应用及质量控制

放样的技术方法及点位调整是精密工程放样的两个重要技术问题。通过工程实例,介绍在精密工程放样中的几种测量新技术及点位调整方法,并在分析影响放样精度因素的基础上,指出提高放样精度、确保放样质量的技术措施,为类似工程提供参考。     

短期气候预测的现状 问题与出路(二)

从方法论上分析了短期气候预测的现状、问题与出路。着重指出：基础理论研究的欠缺又不甚得法是短期气候预测准确率提高缓慢的原因；应当将数值预报的提法从初值问题改为演变问题，进一步提为反问题；统计学方法与动力学方法要相互借鉴，取长补短，融合发展。     

浅述Z型采煤法工作原理及在汝州市的应用

目前,国内外地下采煤方法,主要分为三种类型：短壁式采煤法、前进式采煤法、后退式采煤法。本文就Ｚ型采煤法的工作原理及在汝州市庇山三矿的应用效果进行全面的对比分析。此采煤方法对促进煤炭企业实现四个效益的统一,延长矿井寿命,促进煤炭企业健康发展,变资源优势为经济优势都具有重大意义     

瞬变电磁测深法在煤矿工程勘察中的应用

瞬变电磁法是目前工程勘察中应用较广的物探工作方法。尤其大回线源瞬变电磁法,由于发、收位于同一点,在近场测量,不存在体积效应,故分辨率高,特别是横向分辨率更高,可分辨出地下规模较小的不均匀体。笔者将瞬变电磁法用于甘肃华亭煤矿保安煤柱探测及宁夏灵武矿区圈定老窑采空区,资料清晰地反映出采空区的分布范围和保安煤柱的位置     

1998年夏季青藏高原上东移MCS环境场特征的聚类分析

在对夏季青藏高原上中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行自动追踪的基础上,利用环境物理量场数值格点预报资料(HLAFS),运用空间聚类中的CLARANS法对东移出高原的MCS环境场进行了挖掘和分析,获得了在青藏高原地区大气低层MCS热力场(温度场、湿度场和水汽通量散度场)和动力场(涡度场、散度场和垂直速度场)的空间分布特征,从而揭示了有利于MCS形成、发展和东移出高原的动力和热力学条件。MCS环境场中的散度场、垂直速度场以及水汽通量散度场空间分布特征的变化是MCS发展、演变的重要影响因素,这为夏季青藏高原上MCS发生、发展的动力及热力学机制的研究,以及高原上MCS移动路径的预测提供了一种全新而有效的方法。     

中国大地构造几个重大问题的探讨

中国大地构造需要研究的重大问题甚多 ,文中选择了其中的 4个加以讨论。首先是大地构造发展演化的动力学理论。现在流行的按密度差、温度差建立的地幔对流、拆沉作用、地幔柱理论 ,阐明不了中国大陆岩石圈、大陆造山带的组成、结构与演化。我们的研究成果表明 ,任何一个自然形成的系统 ,其运动与演化的能源 (或力源 )都来源于它的自身 ;它内部的变形和结构几何学特征 ,也是它自身运动的结果。为此特提出在地球自转速度变化制约下的多层扭动涡旋甩出说———核幔壳“风暴”所引发的热核反应是地球发展与演化惟一的、统一的动力来源。第二 ,地槽、板块是涡旋甩出构造体系中的一种运动方式、一种造山模式。此外 ,我们根据秦岭和其它造山带所总结出来的抽拉逆冲岩片构造 (或抽拉构造 )也是大陆岩石圈板块或壳块内部的一种新的运动方式 ,它是继地槽学说、板块构造理论以后一种新的造山模式。文中较详细地介绍了抽拉构造理论的基本特征。第三 ,中国大陆岩石圈在中—新生代时期、在陆相沉积盆地形成以后、在抽拉构造体制作用下所形成的 (陆内 )造山带以及它们之间的残留陆相 (或海相 )沉积盆地 ,是中国大地构造的基本特征。陆内造山作用是中国大陆划时代的造山作用 ,所形成的造山带是中国大陆最重要的造山带。?     

浙江省两套闪电定位系统地闪数据对比

针对2009—2013年浙江省气象部门和电力部门闪电定位系统 (lightning location system, LLS) 监测的地闪 (cloud-to-ground lightning, CG lightning) 数据,从时空分布及探测效率等方面对两者进行对比。结果表明:电力部门LLS监测的年平均地闪频次稳定大于气象部门LLS监测的年平均地闪频次。从空间分布看,沿海平原和金衢盆地等平原地带,两者的地闪密度相近;在杭州和衢州交界地区,气象部门LLS监测的地闪密度稳定大于电力的地闪密度;在其他地区 (如浙西北、浙中南部和浙南等大部分地区),电力部门LLS监测的地闪密度稳定大于气象部门LLS监测的地闪密度。利用雷暴日数对两者的探测能力对比可知,气象部门LLS对一些较弱雷暴天气过程中的地闪有漏测可能。利用雷击跳闸记录对比分析,电力部门LLS逐年探测效率稳定高于气象部门LLS的探测效率,两者相差约6%。     

装配式AAC砌体填充墙平面外抗震性能分析

为了适应国家绿色建筑和装配式建筑的发展,减少地震中填充墙的平面外破坏,采用ABAQUS有限元程序研究了装配式AAC砌体填充墙的平面外抗震性能。进行了不同工况下足尺有限元模型的模拟,分析了填充墙高厚比、配筋率及填充墙与框架间连接方式对其平面外抗震性能的影响,以峰值、极限状态下的荷载与跨中位移评定其平面外抗震性能。分析结果表明:采用ABAQUS进行填充墙平面外抗震性能数值模拟与试验结果吻合较好;填充墙高厚比越小,平面外承载力越大,当高厚比小于10时,墙体延性大幅下降;填充墙配筋率和承载力近似呈正比关系,但当配筋率大于0.2%时,墙体延性也会下降;高厚比在15~20和配筋率在0.1%~0.2%范围内,填充墙呈适筋延性破坏模式;填充墙与框架之间布置双向柔性连接约束,墙体具备一定延性,墙体平面外承载力较单向连接件布置有所提升。